Protein and Amino Acid Nutrition of Marine Fish Species (original) (raw)
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Effects of protein-, peptide- and free amino acid-based diets in fish nutrition
Aquaculture Research, 2010
In the present review, we summarize data related to the utilization of purified diets formulated with the purpose of determining the amino acid requirements in fish independent of the ontogenetic stage and the morphological characteristics of the digestive tract. Expanding present knowledge on the formulation of protein, free amino acid (FAA) and synthetic dipeptide-based diets can provide possible insights that might lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of amino acid utilization in the growth of fish. Differences exist in the utilization of protein, dipeptides or free amino acids for growth between stomach-possessing and stomachless fish with respect to their response to manipulating the proportion of protein and dipeptides in the formulas. Free amino acid-based diets are uniformly inferior. The effects of diet manipulation on indispensable FAA concentrations in the body (muscle) are not simply the result of deamination or the protein synthesis/degradation ratio. The hydroxyproline/proline ratio was confirmed to be of value in quantifying muscle collagen degradation/synthesis and can perhaps be used to quantify the amino acid requirement necessary to maximize the utilization (deposition) of dietary amino acids. In summary, indispensable amino acid requirements for maximum growth in fish can be addressed using diets formulated from protein/peptide/FAA sources.
Aquaculture Research, 2001
The efficacy of either crystalline (C-) amino acids (AAs) or casein as sources of protein-bound (P-) AAs for AA enrichment of either high- (540 g kg−1, dry matter) or low- (390 g kg−1, dry matter) protein diets was examined in two 6-week experiments with barramundi Lates calcarifer (Bloch). The AA profile of a lysine (Lys) deficient gluten-rich basal diet was enriched incrementally in five steps either by using a mixture of C-AAs (predominantly Lys) at the expense of starch or by serial substitution of the gluten with casein (a rich source of Lys). These substitutions had a minimal effect on the protein and energy composition of the diet but enriched the Lys content (and that of other critically low essential AA) of the basal diet from 18 to 31 g kg−1 in Experiment 1, and from 12 to 18 g kg−1 in Experiment 2. A high fish meal control diet was included in both experiments. In each experiment, 12 diets were compared using 48 tanks of fish held in a freshwater recirculation system maintained at 28°C and with a 12:12 h light-dark photoperiod and fed once daily to satiety.Fish growth rate and feed conversion ratio improved quadratically with AA enrichment; the response was most marked for the low-protein diets. Efficacy of AA enrichment was dose dependent. At low dietary supplementation rates (<3.3 g Lys kg−1 for the high-protein diets and up to 6 g Lys kg−1 for the low-protein diets), C-AAs were utilized as effectively as P-AAs. No further enhancement of fish productivity was induced by higher rates of C-AA supplementation with the high-protein diets.
Aquaculture, 1992
J., i9Y2. Apparent and (roe availabilitiesofamrno acids from common feed ingredien!: for Atlantic salmon (Salmosa!ar) reared in sea water. Aqumdlure, 108: 1 I I-124. The average apparent and woe availabilities of essemial and non-essential amino acids to Atlantic salmon (Salmo s&r) smohs reared in experimeqtal conditions in seawater were: 87.7 and 94.3%; 81.9 and 90.7%: 82.7 and 89.3%; 73.0 and 84.9% for NorseLT94, flamedried herring, steam-dried herring, and menhaden fish meals, respectively. Average apparent and true amino acid availabilities were 77.9 and 91.9% for corn gluten meal; 79.0 and 92.5% fq canola meal; 56.8 and 79.4%. and 70.3 and 84.4% for soybean meal. Average apparent and true amino acid availabilities for a 50150 mix of soybean meal and llamedliod herringmix were 67.4 and 80.3%, respecdvely. Trueavailability values of amino acids were a better indication ofbiological value, specifically for those feed ingredients with mlatively low protein content, such as @ant sources. Use of true availability values ofamino acids would allow more accurzue and ecoawnical feed fomndation. lNTRODUCTlON Sources of dietary proteins are not identical in their nutritional and biological values. The biologicai value of a protein varies with its digestibility and amino acid composition. Deficiency of an essential amino acid creates poor utilization of the dietary protein and _ psxequently reduced growth and decreased feed efficiency ratios. Thz high percentage of protein (40-50%) from fish meals, used in Atlantic salmon diets accounts for the high cost of feed (Crampton, 1985). However,
Amino Acid Compositions of 27 Food Fishes and Their Importance in Clinical Nutrition
Proteins and amino acids are important biomolecules which regulate key metabolic pathways and serve as precursors for synthesis of biologically important substances; moreover, amino acids are building blocks of proteins. Fish is an important dietary source of quality animal proteins and amino acids and play important role in human nutrition. In the present investigation, crude protein content and amino acid compositions of important food fishes from different habitats have been studied. Crude protein content was determined by Kjeldahl method and amino acid composition was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography and information on 27 food fishes was generated. The analysis showed that the cold water species are rich in lysine and aspartic acid, marine fishes in leucine, small indigenous fishes in histidine, and the carps and catfishes in glutamic acid and glycine. The enriched nutrition knowledge base would enhance the utility of fish as a source of quality animal proteins and amino acids and aid in their inclusion in dietary counseling and patient guidance for specific nutritional needs.
Metabolic Fate Is Defined by Amino Acid Nature in Gilthead Seabream Fed Different Diet Formulations
Animals, 2022
The sustainability of the Aquaculture industry relies on optimising diets to promote nitrogen retention and maximise fish growth. The aim of this study was to assess how different dietary formulations influence the bioavailability and metabolic fate of distinct amino acids in gilthead seabream juveniles. Amino acids (lysine, tryptophan, and methionine) were selected based on their ketogenic and/or glucogenic nature. Seabream were fed practical diets with different protein (44 and 40%) and lipid contents (21 and 18%): 44P21L, 44P18L, 40P21L, and 40P18L. After three weeks of feeding, the fish were tube-fed the correspondent diet labelled with 14C-lysine, 14C-tryptophan, or 14C-methionine. The amino acid utilisation was determined based on the evacuation, retention in gut, liver, and muscle, and the catabolism of the tracer. The metabolic fate of amino acids was mainly determined by their nature. Tryptophan was significantly more evacuated than lysine or methionine, indicating a lower availability for metabolic purposes. Methionine was more retained in muscle, indicating its higher availability. Lysine was mainly catabolised, suggesting that catabolism is preferentially ketogenic, even when this amino acid is deficient in diets. This study underpins the importance of optimising diets considering the amino acids’ bioavailability and metabolic fate to maximise protein retention in fish.
Amino Acid Metabolism in Gilthead Seabream Is Affected by the Dietary Protein to Energy Ratios
Aquaculture Nutrition
The dietary protein to energy ratio (P/E) has proven to influence protein utilization and/or growth in several fish species. This study intended to unravel the bioavailability and metabolic fate of lysine and methionine in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles fed plant diets with different P/E ratios. Seabream juveniles were fed two isonitrogenous diets (45% crude protein) differing in crude lipids (20 and 14%): LowP/E ( P / E ratio = 20.0 mg protein k J − 1 ) and HighP/E ( P / E ratio = 21.4 mg protein k J − 1 ). After three weeks, fish ( 11.6 ± 4.3 g ) were tube-fed the respective diet labelled with 14C-protein (L-amino acid mixture), 14C-lysine, or 14C-methionine. Protein, lysine, and methionine utilization were determined based on the proportion of 14C-amino acid evacuated, retained in the free or protein-bound fraction of liver and muscle, or catabolized. This study revealed that a decrease in P/E ratio resulted in lower amino acid evacuation (p <0.0...
Fish larval nutrition: a review of recent advances in the roles of amino acids
Aquaculture, 1999
Marine pelagic fish eggs from various latitudes contain up to 50% of the total amino acid pool Ž . as free amino acids FAAs . The FAA pool is established during final oocyte maturation and seems to derive from the hydrolysis of a yolk protein. During yolk resorption, the FAA pool is depleted and reaches low levels at first feeding. The FAA are predominantly used as metabolic fuel, but they are also utilized for body protein synthesis. Amino acids are also important catabolic substrates after the onset of first feeding and may account for 60% or higher of the energy dissipation. Since growth is primarily an increase in body muscle mass by protein synthesis and accretion and fish larvae have very high growth rates, they have a high dietary requirement for amino acids. Fish larvae that develop stomachs late in development have a low proteolytic and absorptive capacities of the digestive systems at first feeding. In vivo studies have shown higher absorption of FAA than peptides and protein bound amino acids from the larval gut in the early stages of marine fish larvae. In the ocean, marine fish larvae obtain a large supply of FAA by consuming plankton after first feeding. The FAA composition of live feed used in aquaculture may to some extent be manipulated within rearing conditions and species and strain selection. While microdiets are a promising feed for larval fish, no satisfactory techniques have at present been developed that allows delivery of high contents of FAA. New techniques using liposomes have the potential to alleviate this problem. q 0044-8486r99r$ -see front matter q 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 2010
We have shown previously that diets in which the nitrogen portion is based on synthetic dipeptides (PP) resulted in weight gain by rainbow trout alevins when free amino acid (FAA) based diets did not. However, the protein-based diet used as a control in the previous study resulted in a significantly better performance of fish than peptide- or FAA based diet fed fish. Therefore, the objectives of our study were (i) to test how stomachless fish respond to peptide-based diets, (ii) to evaluate PP and protein-PP mixture diets and (iii) to examine if post-prandial response to FAA concentrations in the fish body can be used as an indicator of the availability of dietary amino acid sources. The first experiment was conducted with a 4-day old Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) larvae and included groups fed a casein–gelatin (CG) based diet, a commercial diet and live Artemia nauplii. In the second experiment, fish fed live Artemia for 3 weeks (69 ± 12 mg) were placed in glass aquaria in triplicate per dietary treatment. Four diets provided equivalent amounts of nitrogen in the form of a CG, a PP, a 50% PP and 50% CG (PP50) mix and as FAA. Fish were fed at 1 and 3 h intervals, and the survival and growth were monitored during the second and third weeks of experiments 1 and 2 respectively. Following the completion of feeding, juvenile carp were sampled prior to feeding and 3 h after a meal. Whole body FAA analyses were carried out. We observed marginal suitability of the CG diet for larval Koi carp, as earlier indicated in common carp. Juvenile Koi carp fed the CG diet achieved 236 ± 19 mg, whereas PP50, PP and FAA diet fed fish grew to 140 ± 37, 70 ± 8 and 73 ± 5 mg respectively. Free amino acids in the fish body, and in particular indispensable amino acids (IDAA), were excellent indicators of dietary availability. The present experiment shows that a dietary 1:1 ratio of protein to synthetic PPs results in better growth, survival and whole body IDAA concentrations in relation to FAA- and PP-based diets confirming earlier reports on the use of synthetic PP-based diets, although this diet does not match the performance of complete protein, CG-based diet.
Post-Prandial Amino Acid Changes in Gilthead Sea Bream
Animals, 2021
Following a meal, a series of physiological changes occurs in fish as they digest, absorb and assimilate ingested nutrients. This study aims to assess post-prandial free amino acid (FAA) activity in gilthead sea bream consuming a partial marine protein (fishmeal) replacement. Sea bream were fed diets where 16 and 27% of the fishmeal protein was replaced by plant protein. The essential amino acid (EAA) composition of the white muscle, liver and gut of sea bream was strongly correlated with the EAA composition of the 16% protein replacement diet compared to the 27% protein replacement diet. The mean FAA concentration in the white muscle and liver changed at 4 to 8 h after a meal and was not different to pre-feeding (0 h) and at 24 h after feeding. It was confirmed in this study that 16% replacement of marine protein with plant protein meets the amino acid needs of sea bream. Overall, the present study contributes towards understanding post-prandial amino acid profiles during uptake, t...