The Global City (original) (raw)
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The Global City: introducing a Concept
EACH PHASE IN THE LONG history ofthe world economy raises specific questions about the particular conditions that make it possible. One ofthe key properties ofthe current phase is the ascendance of information technologies and the associated increase in the mobility and liquidity of capital. There have long been cross-border economic pro-cesses—flows of capital, labor, goods, raw materials, tourists. But to a large extent these took place within the interstate system, where the key articulators were national states. The international economic system was ensconced largely in this interstate system. This has changed rather dramatically over the last decade as a result of privatization, 27 deregulation, the opening up of national economies to foreign firms, and the growing participation of national economic actors in global markets. It is in this context that we see a re-scaling of what are the strategic territories that articulate the new system. With the partial unbundling or at least weakening of the national as a spatial unit due to privatization and deregulation and the associated strengthening of globalization come conditions for the ascendance of other spatial units or scales. Among these are the sub-national, notably cities and regions; cross-border regions encompassing two or more sub-national entities; and supra-national entities, i.e. global digitalized markets and free trade blocs. The dynamics and processes that get terrritorialized at these diverse scales can in principle be regional, national or global. I locate the emergence of global cities in this context and against this range of instantiations of strategic scales and spatial units.' In the case of global cities, the dynamics and processes that get territorialized are global.
URBAN BUSINESS SYSTEMS’ GLOBALIZATION: FACTORS, FORMS AND ECONOMIC IMPACT
Analysis of globalization dynamic in the world economy demonstrates some fundamental change associated with world economy transformation into net of urban business systems. Urban economies have become main actors of global production and trade; economic interests of some cities have spread far beyond their geographical boards and boards of the states to which they belong. It indicates a formation of system of global cities with enormous potential of own competitiveness and with economic performance that is in many times greater than same criteria of national states. The paper examines a process of system of global cities formation, a role of this process in transnationalization and global economy networking. Paper also defines a framework of cities classification, depending on globality of their economic performance.
The Impact Of Globalization On Cities
Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs, 2019
A lot of cities nowadays are changing substantially due to the influence of globalization. The most significant impact of globalization is in cities because the cities are becoming the rulers of the countries. In this process, a variety of urban developments on different platforms are awaiting cities. These developments are discussed in different dimensions. Here, the globalization process and the effects this process has on the understanding of city management, urban space and urban law are tried to be revealed. In sum, the effects of globalization on cities and the concept of world cities are forming. In the context of problems of globalization, the effects of globalization on economic, cultural, social, spatial and environmental values and understanding of management are examined. It was established that globalization also includes the increased movement of people, products, ideas, images, lifestyles, policies and capital and that it affects cities through local and global dynami...
Planning in a global …, 2002
This paper analyses how the economic effects driven by the process of globalisation, such as those generated by the raise in international trade and in flows of foreign direct investment, have modified not only national economic structures but particularly and more dramatically local economic structures. This work takes the cases of Mexico City, Istanbul and Guangzhou to explore the effects of these global economic activities, in particular local economic structures, to test whether or not the Global City Hypothesis (GCH) can be applied to cities in the less developed world.
Emerging Global Cities and the Tilt of Influence
2020
Cities are a global phenomenon and have been since the rise of civilization. With the rise of urbanization, it is not merely influence wielded through power, but also through population. The vast majority of urban growth has shifted to the Majority World. Or as Tim Bunnell puts it, “the future is not where it used to be.” The previous century saw unprecedented urbanization in countries often labeled “developed”. Latin America and Eastern Europe have already experienced significant growth of cities in the past half-century. The cities of Asia are emerging as some of the most significant hubs of commerce, innovation, and international traffic in the world. The African continent is urbanizing faster than anywhere else in the world and quickly catching up to global urbanization figures. The growth of cities in the Majority World is leading to a shift in the epicenters of global influence. New York City, London, and Los Angeles must make room for new urban giants like Singapore, Lagos, and Mumbai. The forces of urbanization and globalization (sometimes called glurbanization) are working in tandem to great effect. The implications of urbanization in the Majority World are multifaceted and will have global impact which will be manifested in economics, culture, and politics.
New Maps, New Questions: Global Cities Beyond the Advanced Producer and Financial Services Sector
Globalizations, 2012
This article broadens the discussion of cities as strategic sites in which global activities are organized. It deploys methodology commonly used to study the distribution and disproportionate concentration of advanced producer and financial services firms in order to study the office distribution of global nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and global energy corporations. It then compares the distribution of those offices to that of advanced producer and financial services firms, using data from the global and World Cities Research Network, further discovering what cities are strategic sites in all three networks, in any combination of two networks, and in only one network. Attending to the convergence and divergence of such networks opens a door to the study of network logic—the underlying dynamics of network functioning—instead of limiting the study to network structure or composition while also permitting a multi-sectoral measurement of globality.Este artículo amplía la discusión de ciudades como lugares estratégicos en las que se organizan actividades globales. Despliega una metodología comúnmente usada para estudiar la distribución y la concentración desproporcionada de productores avanzados y firmas de servicios financieros, con el objeto de estudiar la distribución de oficinas de las organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONGs) y las corporaciones de energía globales. Luego compara la distribución de aquellas oficinas para los productores avanzados y para las firmas de servicios financieros, usando los datos de la Red de Investigación de las Ciudades Mundiales y Globales, para luego descubrir qué ciudades son lugares estratégicos en todas las tres redes, en cualquier combinación de dos redes y en solo una red. Prestando atención a la convergencia y divergencia de tales redes, se abre una puerta al estudio de la lógica de las redes—la dinámica subyacente de la función de las redes—en vez de limitar el estudio de la estructura de la red o la composición, permitiendo también una medida multisectorial de globalidad.“”————. NGO. (Global and World Cities Research Network) , NGO. , . (globality) .