Attenuating strategies of the Insecticidal Effect and Life history Traits of Chaitophorus leucomelas (Koch, 1854) (Insecta: Aphididae): Case of the Aqueous Extracts of Asteraceae Dittrichia viscosa and a Synthetic product of the neonicotinoids / pyrethroids Family (original) (raw)
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Journal of Economic Entomology, 2004
The toxicity of botanical origin compounds such as two acetonic fractions of the seed kernels of the Meliacea Trichilia havanensis Jacq with insecticide properties (azadirone (F 12) and the mixture F 18 (1,7+3,7-di-0-acethylhavanensin (4:1)), and four insecticides commercially avalaible (imidacloprid, phloxine B, pyrethrins+PBO, triflumuron) were tested in the laboratory. Topical bioassays using third instar and newly emerged adults of the lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) at the maximum field recommended rate in Spain for manufactured compounds and, at 1000 ppm of active ingredient for acetone fractions of T. havanensis and Phoxine-B were carried out. Imidacloprid and triflumuron were very toxic to third instar treated topically, inhibiting adult emergence; whereas the rest of insecticides were harmless. Fecundity and fertility were not affected when evaluated for non-toxic compounds at emergence. Concerning to adults, only imidacloprid and natural pyrethrins killed adults significantly from those of controls 24 hours after treatment. Phoxine B, triflumuron and the compounds obtained from T. havanensis were harmless and did not cause any effect on fecundity and fertility; with the exception of triflumuron, that reduced considerably the egg hatch. From bioassays data, it can be concluded that the acetonic fractions of botanical origin and phoxine B are non-toxic to larvae and adults of C. carnea, when treated topically whereas triflumuron, natural pyrethrins and imidacloprid affect one or more of the evaluated parameters in the conditions tested.
Journal of Economic Entomology, 2004
A commercial formulation of azadirachtin (Align) was tested on Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) adults to determine its effects on reproduction. Three methods of exposure were carried out in the laboratory (residual, direct contact and ingestion) with concentrations close to the maximum Þeld recommended concentration in Spain (48 mg AI/liter). Align proved to be harmless to newly emerged adults irrespective of the mode of exposure. Nevertheless, fecundity was reduced in a reversible way in females that have ingested azadiracthin after the onset of oviposition. Fertility was not different from that of controls in all treatments. Additional tests showed that males were not involved in the reduction of oviposition. Electron microscopy studies pointed out that Align interfered with vitellogenin synthesis and/or its uptake by developing oocytes; thus, growing follicles in treated females were signiÞcantly smaller that those of the controls. The role of azadirachtin as a compound that may inßuence several hormonal and protein titers involved in reproduction is also discussed.
Sublethal Doses of Insecticides Affect the Fecundity and Fertility of the Chrysodeixis includens?
American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2018
The objective was to determine lethal concentrations and to evaluate the effects of sublethal doses of insecticides on Chrysodeixis includens under laboratory conditions. The standard population of C. includens was kept on artificial diet under controlled conditions (25˚C ± 5˚C, 60% ± 10 RU, 12:12 h). The active principles used were B. thuringiensis, Indoxacarb and Teflubenzuron. The CL 25 and LC 50 obtained from dose response curve (estimated from eight concentrations of each active principle) were diluted in water and applied to the back of third instar caterpillars and compared to the control (water). The insecticides used showed lethal and sublethal effects in C. includens. Bacillus thuringiensis was 6.21 and 2.79 times more toxic to soybean looper when compared to the products Indoxacarb and Teflubenzuron, respectively. Insecticides applied to the caterpillars reduced survival and affected the biomass gain with increased larvae and pupae longevity, with a significant reduction in fertility (40%) and fecundity (94.97%) in adults. In the present study it was observed that both survival and larval biomass gain have a direct effect on fecundity and fertility, respectively. Therefore the active ingredients Indoxacarb, Teflubenzuron and B. thuringiensis can be used in rotation as a tool in the C. includens.
2010
Sunn pest (Eurygaster integriceps Put.) (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae) is a serious pest of cereals causing severe quantitative and qualitative damage by feeding on leaves, stems and grains. Pesticide application is the main method of Sunn pest control, thus a search for developing new control methods is needed to diminish reliance on insecticides for insect control. So in the current study, the effect of an anti-juvenile hormone agent (precocene I) on the growth, reproductive biology and adult hemolymph proteins of E. integriceps females and males were investigated. The results indicated that precocene I had no acute toxicity to adults and second instars of E. integriceps. The treatment of second instars did not lead to death even in high doses, nor did it induce abnormality. The treatment of the third instar nymphs caused disorder in the physiology and increased mortality. The mortality of third instar was dose dependent (R 2 = 0.9774). Hemolymph protein concentrations in control males and females were high (2497.95 ± 0.04 and 2088 ± 0.04, respectively), but they decreased with the starting of oviposition. Hemolymph protein concentrations in treated females were lower than the control, at first day after treatment. With passage of time, hemolymph protein concentrations remained constant and decreased near oviposition. Total protein concentration in males and females was nearly equal, and there were no significant differences among them (P > 0.01). Precocene I also affected the number of eggs laid by females and the percentage of hatched eggs. It can be said that the effect of precocene I was stage-and age-specific, that is, its effects were varied with stage of the insect and its age in that stage. When used in early growth stage, its effect was less. However, when used in the late developmental stage its effect was more apparent and increased mortality as well as abnormalities.
Sterilizing Activity of the Insect Growth Regulator, Lufenuron on Drosohpila melanogaster (Meigen)
Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology, 2019
Due to the complicated problems coming from excessive applications of insecticides, searching of safe substitutes to these insecticides has become necessity. Thus, the insect growth regulators are candidated to be used in such concern. The insect growth regulator, lufenuron was applied against Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) as mixed with the diet of the larvae, with concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 ppm to test its efficacy as a sterilizer. Data showed that 5ppm treatment pushed up the larvae to speed pupation by the first two days after treatment. Overall results showed that 20 ppm recorded the highest pupation (94%) followed by 5, 10 ppm and control treatments with values of 87.5, 85.3 and 82.4%, respectively. The top concentration also caused the lowest adult emergence recording 39.4% then, 10, 5 ppm and control with values of 44.8, 71.4 and 85,7%, resp. The mortalities were arranged in descending order as follows 76.9, 35.0, 7.7 and 4.2% at 20, 5, 10 and control respectively. There were no dead adults recorded except on the ninth day at 10 ppm concentration and control. Regarding the sex ratio, it was greatly affected by lufenuron. It tended to increase the number of males. The number of males was four times the number of females at 5 ppm (1:4). There were no females at 20 ppm (0:12). Number of females was similar to that of males at 10 ppm (1:1). According to these results, the number of the output generation recorded 16 and 80 individuals after 10 and 15 days resp., compared to 96 and 220 individuals respectively in control. Females put eggs on the diet surface at 10 ppm, but it did not hatch. Uncompleted emergence was recorded at 5 and 20 ppm (21.4 and 52.9 %, respectively). Adults with deformed wings were recorded at 20 ppm as 11.8%. Total protein analysis and phenoloxidase activity were carried out. The reduction in total protein occurred in females due to lufenuron treatment. The highest reduction was 16.67 mg/ 1000 insects at 10 ppm concentration that affected on female fecundity. Phenoloxidase activity was high in males. It recorded 1153.33 M O.D./1000 insects at 10 ppm, which affected in male fertility. This may explain why the eggs did not hatch.
2016
Phytosanitary interventions present harmful effects on environment and favour development of noxious insects resisting to active materials. Copious works took an interest to research of alternative methods to pesticides. Our study aim is to increase extracts toxicity of plant with insecticide activity and to evaluate global efficiency of bio-active molecules. Results have shown important effect of aqueous extracts from Dittrichia viscosa on the availability of Chaitophorus leucomelas (Hom., Aphididae) with a moderate resumption under the effect of extracts compared to the action of active substance. Analyses showed that aqueous extract ratio of Dittrichia viscosa / Silene fuscata had an effect more toxic on C. leucomelas compared to aqueous extract of the whole D. viscosa plant and extracts of different organs. Results pointed out the great discrepancy related to the structuring and arrival order of functional groups under different stress. Biocenotic resumption of functional groups was important under biologic stress effect compared to chemical stress.
Toxicity of Some Insecticides to Lifestages of Cheilomenes sexmaculata Under Laboratory Conditions
Indian Journal of Entomology
Commonly used insecticides in cowpea were evaluated for their safety to the aphidophagous predator Cheilomenes sexmaculata (F.). As per IOBC standards, acute toxicity bioassays done at recommended field doses showed that dimethoate was harmful to all the lifestages with 100% mortality. Thiamethoxam was found safe to egg stage but was harmful to grubs, pupae and adults. Neem oil was harmful to the non-feeding stages, eggs and pupae, completely inhibiting egg hatching and adult eclosion; it was harmless or slightly harmful to the feeding stages. Flubendiamide and spinosad were found harmless to all the lifestages with > 10% mortality (eggs, grubs and pupae) and 12.5% to adults.
Long-term effects of insecticides ondiaeretiella rapae(m'intosh), a parasite of the cabbage aphid
Pesticide science, 1992
Five insecticides were tested in the laboratory for their selective activities between the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brussicae (L.), and its associated parasitoid, Diaeretiella r a p e (M'Intosh). Based on the concentration/mortality regressions, the synthetic pyrethroids tralomethrin and cypermethrin were the most active insecticides against both the cabbage aphid and the parasitoids within the mummified aphids, whereas the carbamate methomyl was the least active. Selectivity ratios, at LC,,, for B. brassicae vs. D. r a p e in the mummified aphids showed that all insecticides tested were more active against E. brassicae than against the parasitoids. All insecticides used at the recommended field rates reduced the emergence of adult parasitoids from mummified aphids by 55-97 O h of that of control. Survival and longevity of emerged D. r a p e were significantly reduced by all insecticides and rates used. Consequently, the latent effects of these insecticides applied at and below the recommended field rates were estimated on the parasitoids through two successive generations. The recommended rates used for both methomyl and cypermethrin reduced fecundity of D. rapae recorded at the F,-generation by 75% of that of control. The emergence of F,-progeny D. rapae was not significantly affected in any treatment, whereas the survival and longevity of adult parasitoids were reduced by most treatments. At the F,-generation, the fecundity of parasitoid females was still lower than in the untreated control. Emergence and survival of adult parasitoids seemed to be slightly affected, whereas the adult longevity was highly affected in all treatments. Methomyl, tralomethrin and cypermethrin might be preferred because they had minimal adverse effects on emergence of parasitoids from the mummified aphids and their subsequent survival, longevity and fecundity, when applied at rates little below the recommended field rates.
Ovicidal action of nine insecticides against Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) was assessed under laboratory conditions. The age of S. litura eggs influenced its susceptibility to all newer insecticide molecules tested. The results in the present investigation revealed that highest egg mortality was recorded in one day old eggs than two or three day's old eggs. In one day old eggs the maximum mortality of 95.32 per cent was recorded in thiodicarb 75 WP @ 1 g/l followed by emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.25 g/l (91.30%), flubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.2 ml/l (83.47%), chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.2 ml/l (82.62%), cyantraniliprole 10 OD @ 0.2 ml/l (74.00%), chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2 ml/l (71.90%), spinosad 45 SC @ 0.2 ml/l (69.23%), chlorfenapyr 10 SC @ 3 ml/l (65.93%) and indoxacarb 15.8 EC @ 0.3ml/l (54.17%). In two days old eggs the maximum mortality (86.63%) was recorded in thiodicarb 75 WP @ 1 g/l, followed by flubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.2 ml/l (72.04%), chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2 ml/l (66.53%). In three days old eggs the maximum mortality (83.32%) was recorded in thiodicarb 75 WP @ 1 g/l, followed by indoxacarb 15.8 EC @ 0.3 ml/l (46.33%), chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.2 ml/l (44.50%). The mean mortality of eggs indicated that, the egg mortalities were highest in thiodicarb 75 WP @ 1 g/l (88.43%) followed by flubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.2 ml/l (65.95%), emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.25 g/l (63.98%) and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.2 ml/l (63.19%). Thus, thiodicarb 75 WP @ 1 g/l proved to be an effective ovicide by recording 88.43 per cent egg mortality.
Reviewed are the results of treatments carried out in the Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences of treatments with natural insecticidal substances on the development and physiological state of insects, using neurotoxical plant extracts (pyrethrins), plant extracts possessing several modes of action (neem) and an Insect Growth Regulator (extract of Ledum palustre possessing properties of juvenile hormone). Physiological changes evoked with treatments were monitored by means of complex methods including a constant volume respirometer, infrared actograph, infrared gas analyzer (IRGA),and a microcalorimeter. Diapausing lepidopterous pupae (Pieris brassicae, Mamestra brassicae) exhibited discontinuous gas exchange cycles (DGCs). After treatments of the pupae of P. brassicae with neem, the DGCs were abolished, suggesting direct action on the neuromuscular system. The disappearance of DGCs was accompanied with lethal desiccation, supporting the hypothesis that DGC is an adap...