Fish Physiol Biochem (original) (raw)
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Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 2007
Using a tame animal, the impact of otter (Lutra lutra) disturbance on over-wintering carp (Cyprinus carpio) was monitored in two experiments, 133 and 140 days, respectively, over two consecutive winters (November-April). The level of stress in over-wintering carp exposed to various intensities of disturbance by otters was quantified using biological indicators of stress (cortisol, cortisone, indices of nitrogen, carbohydrate, lipid and mineral metabolism and activity of basic blood plasma enzymes) taken from blood plasma of stocked carp at the end of the winter seasons (when the photoperiod was 12 light:12 dark, respectively, 13L:10D). Moreover, condition (Fulton's coefficient of condition and fat content in muscles) and mortality rate of that carp were measured after over-wintering and also after the subsequent vegetation period. The analysis of blood and tissue samples of experimental fish showed changes in nitrogen, carbohydrate and mineral metabolism as well as levels of hormones and fat reserves. Higher response to stress in metabolism of carp with lower intensity of disturbance by otter suggests that high level of disturbance can lead to metabolic adaptation of carp to stress. The effect of stress on the mortality rate of carp during the overwintering is not clear. Nevertheless, the negative effect of stress on survival, condition and growth rate of carp in the subsequent vegetation period was not observed.
ACUTE STRESS RESPONSE IN COMMON CARP (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) OF SOME STRESSİNG FACTORS
Journal of FisheriesSciences. com, 2008
In this study, the effects of several stressing factors were investigated on cortisol, glucose and haemoglobin in common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) blood. The group of fish were kept at different water temperature ranging from 24 to 33 o C and an increase in water temperature up to 27 o C resulted in increases of haemoglobin and cortisol with the amount of glucose in carp's blood plasma decreasing (P<0.05). Other group of fish was subjected to catching net (with keeping it out of the water included). The fish were caught with the net and taken it out of the water-each time for 50 s (12-36 times during 15-45 min of the experiment time). After the practice, proved the cortisol, glucose and haemoglobin levels were a decline rates in 2-3 hours whereas the highest rates observed in 1 hour.
Physiology & Behavior, 2003
We evaluated how two diets with different lipid levels (4% vs. 10%) influenced nutrient expenditure in juvenile walleye Stizostedion vitreum subjected to starvation, prolonged swimming, and predator presence. We also determined how exercise and predator presence influenced stress indicators such as blood plasma cortisol and glucose. Groups of six fish were placed in triplicate rectangular wire cages per treatment and submerged randomly in three artificial stream compartments at a water temperature of 14°C. Three treatments were established: (A) no water current and no predator, (B) water current (1.5 body lengths s À 1 ) and no predator, (C) water current and predator. Six 1-year-old muskellunge (Esox masquinongy, 28.4 ± 2.3 cm) were used as predators. They were allowed to swim freely outside walleye cages and were fed with walleye. To simulate poststocking period of fasting, walleyes were exposed to experimental treatments for 6 weeks and were deprived of food. Regardless of the prior diet, fish weight significantly declined in all treatments but no differences were found among them. Lipids declined in both dietary groups of fish; in turn, body moisture increased. Protein levels were only affected in fish fed with high-lipid diet prior to the experiment and subjected to current and predator presence. Plasma glucose gradually declined in fish fed with high-lipid diet prior to the study; whereas in the fish fed with low-lipid diet before the experiment, it remained low regardless of the treatment severity. Plasma cortisol concentrations never exceeded 30 ng ml À 1 indicating no signs of acute stress during the experiment. We concluded that fish fed with diet containing higher lipid levels prior to stocking would possess better potential of withstanding adverse conditions and better survival once released to the wild. D
Three steps down: metabolic depression in winter-acclimatized crucian carp (Carassius carassius L.)
Acclimation of ectothermic vertebrates to winter dormancy is associated with reduced energy consumption. In principle, this may be achieved by reducing movement activity, depression of basal cellular functions or by switching from aerobic to anaerobic energy production. To this end, we determined standard (SMR), routine (RMR) and anoxic (AMR) metabolic rates is summer- (SumA) and winter-acclimatized (WinA) crucian carp (Carassius carassius), an anoxia-tolerant teleost fish. RMR was about 40% lower in WinA than SumA fish (p < 0.05), indicating reduced movement in winter. SMR, measured for the first time in crucian carp, was about 45% lower (p < 0.05) in WinA than SumA fish, indicating significant reduction of energy consumption in vital cellular processes. At 2°C, the anoxic metabolic depression, measured from ethanol production, was 78% from the aerobic level at the same temperature. In anoxia-tolerant crucian carp, winter dormancy is achieved in 3 different steps: (1) seasona...
Aquaculture, 2007
Lipid peroxidation of marine fish diets can affect the nutritional value of the diet and consequently fish health, especially in the absence of adequate amounts of anti-oxidants. In this study, diets with different levels of oxidized oil and dietary vitamin E were fed to juvenile Atlantic halibut for 16 weeks and the effects on the acute stress response were investigated after this period. Fish were fed diets containing either non-oxidized (POV = 0.6 meq kg− 1, diet A, control) or oxidized fish oil (POV = 7.5 meq kg− 1, diets B and C; 15 meq kg− 1, diets D and E). Diets A, C and E were supplemented with vitamin E (300 IU kg− 1). Following this period, Atlantic halibut were subjected to a 1-h heat shock (HS; from 12 to 18 °C). Plasma cortisol and glucose, and red blood cells (RBC) heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) levels were measured prior to, 0 (immediately after), 6, 12, and 24 h after stress. Two-way ANOVA, using dietary treatment and sampling point as main factors, was performed. In all experimental groups, Atlantic halibut showed increased plasma cortisol levels immediately after (0 h) heat shock, however these returned to pre-stress levels by 6 h. Similarly, plasma glucose level increased significantly immediately after heat shock and decreased to pre-stress levels by 6 h. Dietary treatment had a significant effect on plasma glucose levels. Fish fed the highly oxidized diet (diet E) showed lower overall plasma glucose levels than fish fed less or non-oxidized diets (diets A, B, and C). RBC hsp70 was detected in all treatment groups. However, no significant changes in hsp70 levels were observed after exposure to heat shock. The overall results indicate that juvenile halibut fed diets containing oxidized fish oil up to a peroxide value of 15 meq kg− 1 were able to cope with temperature stress, regardless of dietary vitamin E content. The glucose results, however, suggest that highly oxidized diets decrease the overall glucose levels. Furthermore, plasma cortisol and glucose, but not hsp70, seemed to be adequate indicators of heat shock stress in juvenile halibut.
Aquaculture Research, 2002
The physiological response of common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.) to increased stocking density and an additional acute net confinement stressor was investigated. Stocking densities were increased from 28.4 to 56.8 or 113.6 kg m À3 by the use of crowding screens and fish were sampled from the crowded groups after 15, 39 and 87 hours of crowding (hc). A transient elevation of plasma cortisol was found in the higher density group after 15 hc before values returned to control levels. Increased stocking density also increased plasma levels of glucose, free fatty acids (FFA) and lactate during the experimental period. No effect was found on oxygen radical production in the blood, haemoglobin or haematocrit levels, but leucocrit values were lower after 39 hc in both groups. Net confinement resulted in a significant increase in plasma cortisol levels in all groups. However, after 15 hc, cortisol and FFA levels in both crowded plus confinement groups were higher than in the control and confined groups. Confinement resulted in increased oxygen radical production in the crowded plus confined groups at all times. Results indicate that although carp responded with a mild stress response to increased stocking density and adaptation occurred by 87 hc, the crowded fish were more sensitive to an additional acute stressor.
Liew H.J., Chiarella D., Pelle A., Faggio C., Blust R., De Boeck G., 2013
The objective of this study was to investigate the interaction between feeding, exercise and cortisol on metabolic strategies of common carp over a 168 h post-implant period. Feeding provided readily available energy and clearly increased muscle and liver protein and glycogen stores. Swimming, feeding and cortisol all induced aerobic metabolism by increasing oxygen consumption, and stimulated protein metabolism as demonstrated by the increased ammonia and urea excretion and ammonia quotient. Hypercortisol stimulated ammonia self-detoxifying mechanisms by enhancing ammonia and urea excretion, especially during severe exercise. At high swimming level, higher branchial clearance rates in cortisol treated fish succeeded in eliminating the elevation of endogenous ammonia, resulting in reduced plasma Tamm levels compared to control and sham implanted fish. Carp easily induced anaerobic metabolism, both during routine and active swimming, with elevated lactate levels as a consequence. Both feeding and cortisol treatment increased this dependence on anaerobic metabolism. Hypercortisol induced both glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis resulting in hyperglycemia and muscle and liver glycogen deposition, most likely as a protective mechanism for prolonged stress situations and primarily fuelled by protein mobilisation
Environmental Toxicology, 2005
The objective of this study was to evaluate fish response to acute stress induced by confinement after capture. Because of the previously reported presence of chemical compounds in the Tajo River basin where the study samplinig took place, an exposure biomarker to organic chemicals (retinol) was used. Cortisol and glucose were used as stress biomarkers. Plasma levels of cholesterol were used as lipidic metabolism indicators, and retinol level was used as a specific exposure biomarker. A reference site was established along 300 km of the Tajo River, and nine sampling sites were selected on the basis of whether various human activities and hydrographic characteristics were present. A total of 55 carp (Cyprinus carpio) and 52 barbel (Barbus bocagei) were examined. Cortisol and glucose levels were considered acceptable indicators of the response of the fish to induced stress. In the barbel, plasma retinol levels decreased at two of the sampling sites indicating possible exposure to organic compounds. The overall evaluation of these parameters enabled us to identify three sampling sites at which more studies should be carried out. The possible relationship between the health state of wild fish and the presence of organic compounds or sources of pollution was considered. ' 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 20: 119-125, 2005.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-molecular & Integrative Physiology, 2021
Remarkable temporal and spatial variations occur on selected body temperature (T sel) and locomotor performance for Plestiodon (Eumeces) chinensis, commonly known as Chinese skinks. However, the significance of these variations remains elusive. Th is study focuses on the eff ects of thermal environment and food availability on P. chinensis 's T sel and locomotor performance. Th e duration of thermal treatment (4h and 8h) displayed signifi cant eff ects on T sel , additionally the eff ects of thermal treatment were also dependent on food-availability. Th ere was no signifi cant variation in skink's T sel under diverse thermal treatments when suffi cient food was available. However, with insuffi cient food source, the T sel decreased with decrease in the duration of thermal treatment. Th ermal acclimation also aff ected locomotor performance of P. chinensis, as the 8h thermal treatment enhanced their locomotor performance. However, food availability alone had no signifi cant impact on the locomotor performance. Th erefore, the combination of thermal acclimation and food availability could cause variations in T sel and locomotor performance of skinks, suggesting that thermal environment and food condition in nature are important factors involved in temporal and spatial variations for T sel and locomotor performance.