Identification and Quantification of Fatty Acids inT. viridissima,C. biguttulus, andC. brunneusby GC-MS (original) (raw)

Abstract

Fatty acid (FA) profiles of the species Tettigonia viridissima, Chorthippus biguttulus, and Chorthippus brunneus were determined and quantitated. Extracted lipids were derivatized into FA methyl esters (FAMEs) prior to analysis by GC-MS. A total of 37 different FAs were identified in T. viridissima, yielding a total FA content of 10.4 g/100 g of dry matter. The contents of saturated FAs, monounsaturated FAs, and polyunsaturated FAs were 31.1, 35.9, and 33.0%, respectively. Lipids from T. viridissima were also fractioned into neutral lipids, free fatty acids, and polar lipids by offline solid phase extraction. For C. brunneus and C. biguttulus, 33 FAs were identified, yielding a total FA content of 6.14 g/100 g of dry matter. SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs, respectively, constituted 32.7, 25.1, and 42.1% of the total FA content. The contents of MUFAs, PUFAs, n-3 FAs, and n-6 FAs of each species, and the n-6/n-3 ratio, were subsequently discussed.

Loading...

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

References (32)

  1. H. C. J. Godfray, J. R. Beddington, I. R. Crute et al., "Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people, " Science, vol. 327, no. 5967, pp. 812-818, 2010.
  2. N. Borlaug, "Feeding a Hungry world, " Science, vol. 318, no. 5849, p. 359, 2007.
  3. G. R. DeFoliart, "Insects as human food. Gene DeFoliart dis- cusses some nutritional and economic aspects, " Crop Protection, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 395-399, 1992.
  4. A. Van Huis, J. Van Itterbeeck, H. Klunder et al., Edible insects: future prospects for food and feed security: Food and agriculture organization of the United, nations (FAO, 2013.
  5. A. P. Simopoulos, "Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease, " American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 560S-569S, 1999.
  6. FAO, "Fats and fatty acids in human nutrition. Report of an expert consultation, " FAO Food and nutrition paper, vol. 91, p. 166, 2010.
  7. P. Dewick, Medicinal Natural Products: A Biosynthetic Approach, Wiley, 3rd edition, 2009.
  8. N. Siriwardhana, N. S. Kalupahana, and N. Moustaid-Moussa, "Health Benefits of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Eicosapen- taenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid, " Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, vol. 65, pp. 211-222, 2012.
  9. D. Swanson, R. Block, and S. A. Mousa, "Omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA: health benefits throughout life, " Advances in Nutrition, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2012.
  10. C. H. S. Ruxton, S. C. Reed, M. J. A. Simpson, and K. J. Millington, "The health benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: a review of the evidence, " Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 449-459, 2004.
  11. R. A. Siddiqui, S. R. Shaikh, L. A. Sech, H. R. Yount, W. Stillwell, and G. P. Zaloga, "Omega 3-fatty acids: Health benefits and cellular mechanisms of action, " Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 859-871, 2004.
  12. L. A. Horrocks and Y. K. Yeo, "Health benefits of docosahex- aenoic acid (DHA), " Pharmacological Research, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 211-225, 1999.
  13. G. Barceló-Coblijn and E. J. Murphy, "Alpha-linolenic acid and its conversion to longer chain n-3 fatty acids: benefits for human health and a role in maintaining tissue n-3 fatty acid levels, " Progress in Lipid Research, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 355-374, 2009.
  14. N. D. Riediger, R. Othman, E. Fitz, G. N. Pierce, M. Suh, and M. H. Moghadasian, "Low n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio, with fish-or flaxseed oil, in a high fat diet improves plasma lipids and beneficially alters tissue fatty acid composition in mice, " European Journal of Nutrition, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 153-160, 2008.
  15. H. Liu, Y. Qiu, Y. Mu et al., "A high ratio of dietary n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids improves obesity-linked inflamma- tion and insulin resistance through suppressing activation of TLR4 in SD rats, " Nutrition Research, vol. 33, no. 10, pp. 849- 858, 2013.
  16. L. G. Yang, Z. X. Song, H. Yin et al., "Low n-6/n-3 PUFA Ratio Improves Lipid Metabolism, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Function in Rats Using Plant Oils as n-3 Fatty Acid Source, " Lipids, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 49-59, 2016.
  17. G. L. Russo, "Dietary n -6 and n -3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: From biochemistry to clinical implications in cardiovascular prevention, " Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 77, no. 6, pp. 937- 946, 2009.
  18. A. P. Simopoulos, "The importance of the ratio of omega- 6/omega-3 essential fatty acids, " Biomedicine & Pharmacother- apy, vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 365-379, 2002.
  19. N. D. Riediger, R. A. Othman, M. Suh, and M. H. Moghadasian, "A systemic review of the roles of n-3 fatty acids in health and disease, " Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, vol. 109, no. 4, pp. 668-679, 2009.
  20. A. Paul, M. Frederich, R. Uyttenbroeck et al., "Grasshoppers as a food source? A review, " Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 337-352, 2016.
  21. A. Paul, M. Frederich, R. C. Megido et al., "Insect fatty acids: A comparison of lipids from three Orthopterans and Tenebrio molitor L. larvae, " Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 337-340, 2017.
  22. L.-F. Yang, S. Siriamornpun, and D. Li, "Polyunsaturated fatty acid content of edible insects in Thailand, " Journal of Food Lipids, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 277-285, 2006.
  23. M. Grapes, P. Whiting, and L. Dinan, "Fatty acid and lipid analy- sis of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus, " Insect Biochemistry, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 767-774, 1989.
  24. A. C. Perdeck, "The Isolating Value of Specific Song Patterns in Two Sibling Species of Grasshoppers (Chorthippus Brunneus Thunb. and C. Biguttulus L.), " Behaviour, vol. 12, no. 1-2, pp. 1- 75, 1958.
  25. D. R.Ragge and W. J. Reynolds, "The songs and taxonomy of the grasshoppers of the chorthippus biguttulus group in the iberian peninsula (Orthoptera: Acrididae), " Journal of Natural History, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 897-929, 1988.
  26. J. Folch, M. Lees, and G. H. Sloane Stanley, "A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues, " The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 226, no. 1, pp. 497-509, 1957.
  27. H. C. Pinkart, R. Devereux, and P. J. Chapman, "Rapid separa- tion of microbial lipids using solid phase extraction columns, " Journal of Microbiological Methods, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 9-15, 1998.
  28. J. Ruiz, T. Antequera, A. I. Andres, M. J. Petron, and E. Muriel, "Improvement of a solid phase extraction method for analysis of lipid fractions in muscle foods, " Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 520, no. 1-2, pp. 201-205, 2004.
  29. H. Devle, E.-O. Rukke, C. F. Naess-Andresen, and D. Ekeberg, "A GC -Magnetic sector MS method for identification and quantification of fatty acids in ewe milk by different acquisition modes, " Journal of Separation Science, vol. 32, no. 21, pp. 3738- 3745, 2009.
  30. R. F. N. Hutchins and M. M. Martin, "The lipids of the common house cricket, Acheta domesticus L. I. Lipid classes and fatty acid distribution, " Lipids, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 247-249, 1968.
  31. E. C. Rizos, E. E. Ntzani, E. Bika, M. S. Kostapanos, and M. S. Elisaf, "Association between omega-3 fatty acid supple- mentation and risk of major cardiovascular disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis, " Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 308, no. 10, pp. 1024-1033, 2012.
  32. E. K. Vassiliou, A. Gonzalez, C. Garcia, J. H. Tadros, G. Chakraborty, and J. H. Toney, "Oleic acid and peanut oil high in oleic acid reverse the inhibitory effect of insulin production of the inflammatory cytokine TNF-both in vitro and in vivo systems, " Lipids in Health and Disease, vol. 8, article no. 25, 2009.