Essential oil yield stability of 20 populations of thyme (Thymus kotschyanus) across 11 environments of Iran (original) (raw)
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Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus, 2014
Th yme (Th ymus vulgaris L.) is a perennial sub shrub belonging to family Lamiaceae. Th yme essential oils have been used for many thousands of years, especially in food preservation, pharmaceuticals, alternative medicine and natural therapies. In order to determine the eff ect of harvest time on quality and quantity of essential oil in thyme, this experiment was done in a randomized complete block design with three replications at research station of Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan (Isfahan) during 2010-2011. Plants were harvested in fi ve stages: before blooming, beginning of blooming, 50% blooming, full blooming and fruit set. Th e essential oils obtained from the phenological stages of thyme were analyzed by using GC/MS. Th e results obtained in our study showed that the phenological stages had very signifi cant eff ects (P < 0.01) on essential oil yield and percentage as well as thymol percentage and yield. Th e highest essential oil content of thyme (2.42%) was extracted at the beginning of blooming stage. Analysis and identifi cation of components showed that thymol is the main compound in all samples. Th e highest thymol content of thyme (74.8%) was extracted at the full blooming stage. According to the results of this research, harvesting the thyme at 50% blooming stage have maximum essential oil quality and quantity in Isfahan province.
Genetika, 2013
Thymus (thyme) is one of the most important genera with regard to the number of species within the family Lamiaceae. Kerman thyme (Thymus carmanicus Jalas) is an endemic Iranian species, intensively utilized because of its wide ranging medicinal and culinary properties. Aerial parts of T. carmanicus collected from various altitudes including 2000-2500, 2500-3000, and 3000-3500 m above sea level in Zagros Mountains, Kerman province, South Iran. The yellow oil yields ranged between 0.80 to 1.10% (v/w) for populations collected from various elevations and for the populations collected from various regions ranged between 0.55-1.61% (v/w). GC-MS analyses revealed compounds, constituting 92.2-99.9% of total essential oils. The major constituents of essential oils were carvacrol (47.6-57.9%), thymol (8.3-19.0%), ɣ-terpinene (7.3-7.9%) and p-cymene (4.4-7.6%), that monoterpenes, especially oxygenated monoterpenes was the main constituent group in essential oil from the aerial parts of T. carmanicus. The results of current study indicated that increasing elevation decreased thymol content in essential oils of the wild populations of T. carmanicus.
2015
The genus Thymus L. belongs to the mint family (Lamiaceae), Thymus daenensisCelak is an endemic Iranian species. In order to optimum of harvest timethis plan was done in a randomized complete block design with three replications in research field ofIslamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan)branch, in center Iran, during spring and summer 2013. The aerial parts of Thymus daenensis were collected in five stages of plant growth, i.e. the before blooming, beginning of blooming, 50% blooming, full blooming and fruit set. The essential oil was extracted by a Clevenger approach and analyzed using GC/MS. Statistical analysis indicated that different stages of plant growth had significant effect on plant height, diameter, fresh and dry herbage, oil yield, thymol percentage and thymol yield of T. daenensis.Results of mean comparisons,fresh herbage revealed that the highest yield of fresh herb (10621.6 kg/ha) was obtained at the stage of fruit setand the highest yield of dryherb (4243.3 kg/h...
2014
Thymus vulgaris L. and Thymus daenensis Celak from mint family (Lamiacae) traditionally being used as source of the essential oil and phenolic components derived from their different parts. In order to optimum of harvest time this experiment has been conducted in field Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) branch, in center Iran during 2012 farming season on the base of factorial experiment in the layout randomized complete block design with three replications. The aerial parts of T. daenensis and T. vulgaris were collected in five stages of plant growth, i.e. the before blooming, beginning of blooming, 50% blooming, full blooming and fruit set. The hydro-distillated oils obtained from thyme species were analyzed by GC–MS. Statistical analysis indicated that different stages of plant growth had significant effect on plant height, diameter, dry herbage, oil yield, thymol percentage and thymol yield of thyme species. Results of mean comparisons revealed that the highest fresh h...
In order to study the variation of four thyme species for aerial parts biomass, essential oil content and composition, a study was carried out in Zagheh, Rangeland, Khoramabad, Iran. Seeds of four species of Thymus pubescens Boiss. & Kotschy ex Celak., Thymus daenensis Celak. Thymus daenensis subsp. lancifolius (Celak.) Jalas and Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen. were collected from their natural habitat in Lourestan province, Iran. Seeds sown in Jiffy pots in glasshouse in September 2016 and the seedlings were transferred to the field in October 2016 using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replications. Each unit of the experiment consists of 40 plants in two rows with 50 cm distance between rows and 50 cm between plants within rows. Data were collected for aerial parts biomass, morphological traits and essential oil percentages over two years 2017-2018. The essential oils of all samples were obtained by hydrodistillation, in flowering stage and the essential oil components were identified using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Considerable variation was found between species for fresh and dry weight of aerial parts biomass, plant height, root length and essential oil content. The mean values of aerial parts biomass, crown diameter and essential oil in T. daenensis were higher than other species. For the root length, the higher value was obtained in T. pubescens. The lower and higher essential oil content with average values of 1.53% and 1.95% were obtained in T. pubescens and T. daenensis subsp. lancifolius, respectively. The results indicated that the major components in the
Thymus from Lamiaceae with 18 species of aromatic perennial, of which four species are endemic to Iran. This study was conducted during 2008-2011 to Phyto-chemical inspection of essences of different Thymus vulgaris Accession. At 50% full bloom Samples were collected from 5 cultivated Accession of YAANRR collection, dried and ground. Extractions were done base on the water distillation. Essential oils were analyzed using GC and GC/MS. The highest and the lowest yields of essential oil were obtained with XDRVGY and NJINJI with 2.8% and 9.0% respectively. The highest and the lowest yield of essence were for XDRVGY (87.5 Kgha ) and XDRXDR (5.9 Kgha ). Major components were: Parasymon, gamma-terpinene, borneol, thymol, 1 1 carvacrol, limonene, linalool and E-Caryophyllene (27.8%, 2.3%, 3.11%, 3.7%, 48.5%, 7.7% 28.4%, 79% and 3.4%), respectively for XDRVGY, XDRVGYT, XDRXDR, XDRBHU, XDRXDR, NJINJI, MKOQ, XDRBHU and XDRVGY. Considering the efficiency, production and constituent of oils, Accession XDRVGY originated from Markazi province was introduced with yields 2.8 %, 87.5 Kgha of essential oil and 45.8% thymol and 27.8 % 1
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 1998
Drug yield and volatile oil content and its components of Thymus vulgaris were investigated during the different growing periods under both lowland and mountainous conditions. The highest drug yields were obtained from lowland conditions during the post flowering stage. Also, it has been determined that environmental conditions have significantly influenced the harvest dates. The 17 components were identified in the essential oil of Thyme. Essential oil content and its components were significantly affected by both climatic and ecological conditions and various harvest dates. Ekolojik ve Ontogenetik Varyabilitenin Esas Kekiğin Drog Verimi ve Uçucu Yağ Oranına Etkisi Özet: Esas kekiğin kuru herba verimleri ile uçucu yağ oranı ve bileşenleri farklı gelişme devrelerine göre ova ve yayla koşullarında incelenmiştir. En yüksek kuru herba verimleri çiçeklenme sonrasında ve ova koşullarında saptanmıştır. Ayrıca çevre koşullarının hasat tarihlerini önemli derecede etkilediği gözlenmiştir. Esas kekiğin uçucu yağında 17 bileşen saptanmıştır. Uçucu yağ ve bileşenleri iklim ve ekolojik koşullar ile farklı hasat zamanlarından etkilenmiştir.
Industrial Crops and Products, 2016
In this study, successfully domesticated Himalayan thyme (Thymus linearis Benth.) to the subtropical region of north India was evaluated for essential oil yield and chemical composition at different crop durations and harvests. The essential oil content, dry herb yield and essential oil yield varied from 1.64-2.79%, 44.11-52.40 q ha −1 , and 85.57-108.71 l ha −1 , respectively. The resulting essential oil was analysed using GC-FID and GC-MS. Altogether, forty-four constituents, representing 98.0-99.7% of the total oil composition were identified. Major constituents of the oil were thymol (34.3-67.3%), p-cymene (4.0-27.4%), ␥-terpinene (4.9-24.4%), thymyl acetate (0.6-5.2%), -bisabolene (0.8-5.1%), thymol methyl ether (2.4-3.7%), ␣-terpinene (0.7-3.6%), (E)-caryophyllene (0.7-2.9%), 3-octanone (0.6-2.3%), ␣-thujene (0.3-2.3%), borneol (0.5-1.8%), carvacrol (0.9-1.5%), and cis-sabinene hydrate (0.4-1.3%). The essential oil of Himalayan thyme produced in this region fulfilled the criterion set by European Pharmacopeia for common thymes.
Genetic Variation of Shoot Yield, Essential oil and Yield Components in Four Thyme Species
2021
Thymus daenensis Celak, T. kotschyanus, T. transcaspicus and T. vulgaris are aromatic and medicinal species which due to hybridization within species and between species has high morphological diversity. A study was carried out in order to evaluate yield and yield components in 10 ecotypes of Thymus species collected from Isfahan, Markazi, Qazvin and West Azerbaijan provinces. This experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education of Razavi Khorasan province. Plant height, shoot yield, 1000-seed weight, essential oils (EO) content, EO yield, number of nodes per stem, internode length and days to flowering stage were measured in all ecotypes. T. vulgaris was considered as the control. The results of analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences (p≤0.05) for days to 50 % flowering, number of nodes, internode length, plant height, stem weight, seed ...
Effects of different factors influencing the essential oil properties of Thymus vulgaris L
Plant Science Today, 2016
Thymus vulgaris L. is a well-know medicinal and aromatic plant native to the Mediterranean region. The essential oil is considered as the main active constituent, being responsible for its typical odour and taste as well as for several therapeutic effects. Our aim was to demonstrate the most important factors influencing the quality and quantity parameters of thyme oil by summarizing the available literature data and our own scientific results. Genetic background, climatic and growing conditions, techniques of primary processing, storage conditions as well as different extraction methods have proven effects on the essential oil properties and, as a consequence, on its biological activity, either.