Research of bittern concentration processes lake Karaumbet and Barsakelmes (original) (raw)
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Analysis of Sulfate (SO4) Concentration in Bittern as Raw Material for Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4)
Omni-Akuatika
The investigation on traditional salt production had developed in the characterization of Bittern. Bittern is the dense residual liquor with specific gravity ≥ 1.28 gr/cm3 obtained after precipitation and harvesting of NaCl salt from seawater. In this research, the measurment of sulfate in the bittern was carried out. Sulfate is one of the raw materials for MgSO4. The determination of sulfate concentration is using a turbidimetric method according to SNI 6989 20:2009 using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 420 nm. In this process the Sulfate in an acidic environment reacts with barium chloride (BaCl2) to form barium sulfate (BaSO4) crystals. The light absorbed by the barium sulfate suspension is measured with a photometer and the sulfate content is calculated by comparing the readings with the calibration curve. The results of the analysis showed that at 31o Baume the sulfate content is 40.0 g/L, at 32o Baume the sulfate content is 42.6 g/L, at 33o Baume the sulfate content...
Letters in Applied NanoBioScience, 2021
Because of its direct and indirect penetration into numerous chemical industries, salt, also known as sodium chloride or halite, is one of the most frequent forms of salts in industrial applications. Evaporation is a typical method of extracting this chemical all around the world. Halite is also a low-cost material because it is found in concave rocks along the coast or in lakes, where saltwater is confined and subjected to evaporation, which concentrates the components in the water and deposits salt, generally by sun evaporation. Several functions of human consumption, salt manufacturing is incredibly significant. Salt is also regarded as one of the essential elements in the extraction of riches throughout history, such as oil extraction in contemporary times, as salt began to be utilized as a food additive, and thus its economic worth emerged. This is because it is common in the all-terrain and has vast origins. It is one of the five essential chemicals that make up the backbone o...
Production of magnesium hydroxide and bromine from bittern
2016
In this research, production of magnesium hydroxide and bromine from bittern has been performed using precipitation method. The Sodium hydroxide solution was added dropwise from a burette to 50 mL of bittern or Mg 2+ solution. Preliminary precipitation experiments were carried out to adjust the super saturation release rate at which the primary nucleation was not dominant. After addition of sodium hydroxide solution, the reaction was stopped, the mixed solution allowed to stand for 5 minutes and the suspension in the crystallizer was filtered. The solid produced was oven dried at 110 o C for 24 hours. The magnesium hydroxide morphological was analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and elemental composition analysis using energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The filtrate was used in electrolysis experiment for production of bromine. The formation of bromine was analyzed using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The results were obtained magnesium hydroxide about 20% of the volume of bittern used as raw material. Magnesium hydroxide was analyzed using SEM and EDX, Indicated the elemental composition of the sample: in which: magnesium 14%, oxygen 56%, and impurities. The electrolysis experiments demonstrated that the optimum conditions for production of bromine are potential of 5 volts, the optimum contact time of 45 minutes, and minimum concentration of Brof 15 mg/L.
RSC Advances, 2014
The shortage of land and vulnerability to climate change expose the future production of potash from sea bittern through an evaporite route to greater risks. Potash recovery through selective extraction from bittern is an attractive alternative. Unfortunately, previous attempts in this direction have suffered from one drawback or another. The present study reports a viable scheme employing tartaric acid as a benign and recyclable K + precipitant. The key steps in the scheme were (i) selective precipitation of potassium bitartrate in 81.2% yield with respect to magnesium tartrate used, (ii) decomposition of the bitartrate salt into potassium nitrate with regeneration of magnesium tartrate, and (iii) recovery of residual tartaric acid from K + -depleted bittern as calcium tartrate, from which tartaric acid was regenerated and reused. The process was made further viable through co-production of Epsom salt (0.30 t/t of KNO 3 ) and ammonium sulphate (1.47 t/t of KNO 3 ). Spent bittern, containing <50 ppm of tartaric acid, was the only effluent. The overall energy requirement for a 1 TPD KNO 3 plant was estimated to be ca. 38.31 GJ per t of KNO 3 production, along with the associated products, comparing reasonably with the computed figure of 34.80 GJ based on available data from a standard database. A simplified version of the above scheme yields a K-N-S compound fertilizer currently under evaluation.
Tecnologia em Metalurgia Materiais e Mineração, 2018
Potassium chloride (KCl) accounts for most of the potassium (K) used in world agriculture and represents 96% of the world potash capacity. The other 4% includes potassium sulfate (K 2 SO 4), potassium nitrate (KNO 3) and potassium-magnesium based salts. In this sense, the prediction of the solubility of electrolytes in aqueous solutions is important to provide data for processes that extract potassium salts from multicomponent brines. In this work, Pitzer´s and Harvie´s models were used to calculate the amount and composition of crystallized salts after water evaporation. The process involved four crystallization steps starting from multicomponent brines represented by the quinary Na-K-Ca-Mg-Cl aqueous system at 20°C. The temperature of 20°C was chosen because it is the average process brine temperature in many dry salt lakes. The Pitzer´s and Harvie´s models allowed performing a material balance in solar ponds producing saleable salts like sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium chlorides.
Journal of Food Quality, 2018
Sodium chloride is essential in şalgam processing affecting the flavour and microbiological stability of the final product. However, reduction of sodium salt in şalgam beverage is essential due to consumers’ demand for low-sodium foods as well as recommendation of health authorities. NaCl was replaced both partially and totally by KCl and CaCl2 in the present study. Experimental design was established to investigate the effects of five different combinations (1.7% NaCl (control treatment); 0.85% NaCl–0.85% KCl; 0.85% NaCl–0.85% CaCl2; 0.85% KCl–0.85% CaCl2, and 0.56% NaCl–0.56% KCl–0.56% CaCl2) of chloride salts on microbiological, chemical, and sensory qualities of şalgam. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were present in populations ranging from 8.0 to 8.61 log cfu/mL while total yeasts were 6.89 to 7.12 log cfu/mL at the end of the process. The maximum number of LAB was detected in the fermentation employed NaCl + KCl salts combination. Regarding the microbiological profile, LAB growth ...
2015
The procedures used in Spain for the extraction of salt include a case which uses the purification and crystallization of the salt obtained from the process for the production of potassium chloride by flotation. This process involves an initial stage consisting in the extraction of the raw mineral made up of sodium chloride and potassium chloride and other impurities. After the removal of some of the impurities, the mineral undergoes a flotation process for the separation of potassi um chloride involving the use of different reactants, including flocculants, foaming agents and collectors. The salt obtained by means of this procedure between the sixties and the nineties was dumped as useless. Neverthless, those dumps are currently being used as raw material for obtaining table salt. The lack of information regarding the specific substances used in the potassium chloride production process, and its potential harmfulness, has created a safety concern. Therefore it has been considered n...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
Indonesia’s location in the ring of fire gives Indonesia a lot of natural resources such as natural brine water from Ciseeng, West Java. Natural brine contains a lot of minerals such as Na, K, Ca, Mg. and could potentially be the source of those elements. One of the common process for recovering minerals in brine water is through solar evaporation process. This process is ineffective because the evaporation stops in the night time. The purposes of this study are to find another method for concentrating brine, characterize natural brine from Ciseeng, West Java, and investigate the effect of new evaporation method to the brine. In this work, the author conducted the evaporation using electric heater to keep the solution in the desired temperature coupled with blowers to blow air to the surface of the solution for 10 days. The volume of the system was maintained by making up the evaporated water with fresh brine. The results indicate that the evaporation can increase the Mg, Na, and K ...
2018
Potassium chloride (KCl) accounts for most of the potassium (K) used in world agriculture and represents 96% of the world potash capacity. The other 4% includes potassium sulfate (K2SO4), potassium nitrate (KNO3) and potassium-magnesium based salts. In this sense, the prediction of the solubility of electrolytes in aqueous solutions is important to provide data for processes that extract potassium salts from multicomponent brines. In this work, Pitzer ́s and Harvie ́s models were used to calculate the amount and composition of crystallized salts after water evaporation. The process involved four crystallization steps starting from multicomponent brines represented by the quinary Na-K-Ca-Mg-Cl aqueous system at 20°C. The temperature of 20°C was chosen because it is the average process brine temperature in many dry salt lakes. The Pitzer ́s and Harvie ́s models allowed performing a material balance in solar ponds producing saleable salts like sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium c...
Kinetics of magnesium hydroxide precipitation from sea bittern
Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 2008
Magnesium hydroxide is a valuable chemical produced almost in pure form from seawater and its bitterns through precipitation process. Product size distribution of magnesium hydroxide affects the ease of downstream processes of filtration and drying. Therefore, gaining insight into kinetic information in order to improve the size distribution of product particles is essential. In this work, a mechanistic model has been developed for precipitation of magnesium hydroxide from sea bittern. The parameters of model equations based on the population balance concept have been determined using the experimental data of precipitation from a pure synthetic solution containing 3% Mg 2+ and a sea bittern from salt production unit of a local petrochemical complex. The model suggests a higher nucleation rate coefficient and a lower growth rate coefficient for precipitation from the sea bittern compared to that from pure synthetic solution. The nucleation increase and growth decrease which were attributed to the effects of impurities in the bittern, would decrease the settling velocity of the product particles and therefore make the filtration process in industrial use more difficult. However, a larger coefficient of agglomeration rate was predicted by the model for precipitation from the bittern favor to product settling.