COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF SILYBUM MARIANUM L. FOOD SUPPLEMENTS AVAILABLE ON MARKET: INVITRO STUDY Original Article (original) (raw)
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International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015
Objective: Silybum marianum L. Food Supplements that contain silymarin is widely used as a therapeutic agent in liver diseases. Many brands are available on the market in USA, Egypt, Europe and other countries. The objective of this study was to compare the biological activity in different preparations of silymarin available on the market in USA and Egypt using paracetamol-induced oxidative stress injury on primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Methods: Forty four silymarin samples available on the market were collected from USA (24) and Egypt (20) and tested for hepat protective antioxidant effects on primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Cytotoxicity was measured by MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethyl-thiazol-2)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LD) leakage into culture medium. Antioxidant effects were determined by glutathione reductase (GR), and Nitric oxide (NO) assays in silymarin, pretreated rat hepatocytes for 2 h followed by incubation with 25 mM paracetamol over...
In vitro antioxidant activity of silymarin
Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2009
Silymarin, a known standardized extract obtained from seeds of Silybum marianum is widely used in treatment of several diseases of varying origin. In the present paper, we clarified the antioxidant activity of silymarin by employing various in vitro antioxidant assay such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radical (DPPH·) scavenging, 2,2 0 -azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant activity determination by ferric thiocyanate, total reducing ability determination by Fe 3þ 2 Fe 2þ transformation method and Cuprac assay, superoxide anion radical scavenging by riboflavin/methionine/illuminate system, hydrogen peroxide scavenging and ferrous ions (Fe 2þ ) chelating activities. Silymarin inhibited 82.7% lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion at 30 mg/mL concentration; butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), a-tocopherol and trolox indicated inhibition of 83.3, 82.1, 68.1 and 81.3% on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion at the same concentration, respectively. In addition, silymarin had an effective DPPH· scavenging, ABTS zþ scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, ferric ions (Fe 3þ ) reducing power by Fe 3þ 2 Fe 2þ transformation, cupric ions (Cu 2þ ) reducing ability by Cuprac method, and ferrous ions (Fe 2þ ) chelating activities. Also, BHA, BHT, a-tocopherol and trolox, were used as the reference antioxidant and radical scavenger compounds. Moreover, this study, which clarifies antioxidant mechanism of silymarin, brings new information on the antioxidant properties of silymarin. According to the present study, silymarin had effective in vitro antioxidant and radical scavenging activity. It could be used in the pharmacological and food industry because of its antioxidant properties.
The Potential Effect of Silymarin Against Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Male Albino Rats
Pharmacognosy Journal
Background: Being the main metabolic organ, liver stays in touch with toxicity of introduced materials including, drugs. Protection is priceless to avoid complication of liver toxicity. Objectives: This research aimed to assess the protective impact of silymarin (SIL) on hepatotoxicity based on acute paracetamol (APAP) intoxication in rats in comparison with N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Methods: To do so serum was collected and the liver was analyzed for histological findings on rat model-paracetamol toxicity whether alone or in combination with SIL or NAC. The scenario was based on either preconditioning with SIL/NAC before induction of toxicity or afterwards. Serum liver function tests, pro-oxidant/antioxidant status, and proinflammatory markers were detected alongside liver histological study. Results: The results showed that liver function indices, oxidative state, and pro-inflammatory parameters were significantly changed, and histopathological alterations were detected in the liver of the intoxicated group. These modifications were inverted in groups treated with either SIL or NAC. The results of the current study suggested that SIL might be employed as a hepatoprotective drug against liver damage induced by APAP because of its ability to reduce lipid peroxidation, improve antioxidant defense status, and have anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusion: These results are equivalent to NAC therapy which is a standard drug against APAPrelated hepatotoxicity.
2017
Hepatoprotection is a matter of worldwide interest, since liver diseases are common, and liver transplant has increasedover the past years, drastically reducing the number of people able to meet the criteria for such a transplant. The experimental research in this paper aimed at evaluating the hepatoprotective capacity of Silybum marianum species (thistle). In order to fulfil the purpose of the paper, thistle was administrated as hydr alcoholic extracts to animals, i.e. albino mice-NMRI strain. We used paracetamol solution for infusion known as Perfalgan (Bristol-Myers Squibb). The dose used was 400mg/kg/bod y substance, and we administrated ethanolic extracts of Sylibum marianum after the paracetamol poisoning. We conducted the research using biochemical methods and techniques, potential structural and functional changes occurred in the experimental animals’ internal organs poisoned with perfalgan then treated with Silybum marianum plant extract.
Silymarin, the antioxidant component and Silybum marianum extracts prevent liver damage
Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2010
The current study was designed to evaluate the possible preventive effects of silymarin and hydroethanolic extracts of Silybum marianum leaves and fruits on diethylnitrosamine (DEN)/phenobarbital (PB)-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. The albino rats used in this study were allocated into 5 groups. Group I was kept as a normal control group, while the other 4 groups were administered a single intraperitoneal dose (200 mg/kg) of DEN, followed by daily PB-administration in drinking water from the 3rd week till the end of the experiment. Group II was DEN/PB-administered control group and groups III, IV and V were administered DEN and PB and were orally given silymarin, milk thistle leaves and milk thistle fruits extracts at a dose of 10, 50 and 50 mg/kg/day, respectively, for 14 weeks. DEN/PB-administrations induced kidney injury evidenced by histological alterations as well as significant increase of serum urea and creatinine concentrations. They also produced a significant increase in serum TNF-α level and a significant decrease in serum adiponectin level. On the other hand, the renal lipid peroxidation was elevated while renal glutathione content and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-s-transferase were significantly declined as a result of DEN/PB administrations. Concomitant supplementation with silymarin and hydroethanolic extracts of Silybum marianum leaves and fruits markedly alleviated the altered biochemical and histopathological features. Thus, it can be concluded that silymarin and hydroethanolic extracts of milk thistle leaves and fruits successfully attenuate the DEN/PB-induced nephrotoxicity via their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.
Silymarin as a Natural Antioxidant: An Overview of the Current Evidence and Perspectives
Silymarin (SM), an extract from the Silybum marianum (milk thistle) plant containing various flavonolignans (with silybin being the major one), has received a tremendous amount of attention over the last decade as a herbal remedy for liver treatment. In many cases, the antioxidant properties of SM are considered to be responsible for its protective actions. Possible antioxidant mechanisms of SM are evaluated in this review.
European Journal of Pharmacology, 2007
Oxidative stress is a common mechanism contributing to initiation and progression of hepatic damage in a variety of liver disorders. Hence, there is a great demand for the development of agents with potent antioxidant effect. The aim of the present investigation is to evaluate the efficacy of silymarin as a hepatoprotective and an antioxidant against diethylnitrosamine induced hepatocellular damage. Single intraperitoneal administration of diethylnitrosamine (200 mg/kg) to rats resulted in significantly elevated levels of serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), which is indicative of hepatocellular damage. Diethylnitrosamine induced oxidative stress was confirmed by elevated levels of lipid peroxidation and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in the liver tissue. The status of non-enzymic antioxidants like, vitamin-C, vitamin-E and reduced glutathione (GSH) were also found to be decreased in diethylnitrosamine administered rats. Further, the status of membrane bound ATPases was also altered indicating hepatocellular membrane damage. Posttreatment with the silymarin (50 mg/kg) orally for 30 days significantly reversed the diethylnitrosamine induced alterations in the liver tissue and offered almost complete protection. The results from the present study indicate that silymarin exhibits good hepatoprotective and antioxidant potential against diethylnitrosamine induced hepatocellular damage in rats.
Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 2015
Oxidative insult by free radicals has been implicated in drug-induced hepatic damage and this has resulted in frequent episodes of liver disorders. Therapeutic efficacy of antioxidants may provide a possible solution to this menace. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of combined administration of silymarin and vitamin C in rescuing acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Hepatotoxic rats were orally administered with silymarin and vitamin C at 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight, respectively. At the end of the experiment, liver function indices, antioxidant parameters and histological analysis were evaluated. We observed that the significantly increased (p < 0.05) activities of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, as well as levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and serum total bilirubin, were markedly reduced following co-administration of silymarin and vitamin C. The compounds also effectively reversed the reduced activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and total protein concentration in the hepatotoxic rats. These findings are indicative of hepatoprotective and antioxidant attributes of the two compounds which are also supported by the histological analysis. The available evidences in this study suggest that the complementary effects of silymarin and vitamin C proved to be capable of ameliorating acetaminophen-mediated hepatic oxidative damage and the probable mechanism is via antioxidative action.
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015
This study was aimed to investigate the effect of Silymarin (SLM) on the hypertension state and the liver function changes induced by acetaminophen (APAP) inspontaneously hypertensive rat(SHR). Animals normotensive (N) or hypertensive (SHR) were treated or not with APAP (3 g/kg, oral) or previously treated with SLM. Twelve hours after APAP administration, plasmatic levels of liver function markers: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glucose (GLU), gamma glutamyl transferase (γ-GT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of all groups, were determined. Liver injury was assessed using histological studies. Samples of their livers were then used to determine the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and nitric oxide (NO) production and were also sectioned for histological analysis. No differences were observed for ALT,γ-GT, and GLU levels between SHR and normotensive rats groups. However, AST and ALP levels were increased in hypertensive animals. APAP treatment promoted...