Perception of density by pedestrians on urban paths: an experiment in virtual reality (original) (raw)

2018, Journal of Urban Design

This paper presents a virtual reality experiment in a controlled visualization laboratory. The study explores the impact of morphology on the perceived density by participants along pedestrian paths. The issue addressed is the intensification of existing urban centres, where overcrowding may diminish their viability. The basic hypothesis is that increased visibility in a given urban space will be evaluated with a lower perceived density, and in some cases, a preferred view will decrease the participant's perceived density. This research can contribute to future research and practice for the planning and design of sustainable urban environments for the benefit of pedestrian users. Introduction: movement along pedestrian paths and the phenomenon of urban intensification This paper focuses on perceived density, as influenced by the built form in the city, while in movement on a pedestrian urban path. The intensification of the existing urban fabric is an accepted strategy for preventing urban sprawl and creating compact accessible city centres. Vibrant existing historical urban centres tend to attract pedestrians, not only for their diverse and colourful activities, but also for their attractive physical environment. Thus, changing or adding structures, reducing unbuilt space or demolishing small buildings and replacing them with high-rise structures, should be considered carefully and be implemented with foresight and discretion. Intensification is synonymous with the addition of storeys and the construction of towers, actions likely to both change the visual setting for the urban user and influence the perception of space and perceived density. Most intensification processes are governed by strict rules, including setbacks from existing street facades, and the creation of defined low-built mass to fit the human scale, setting back the tall-built mass. Nevertheless, the results of these intensification initiatives may still block visibility to the sky and distant view perspectives, and can alter the sense of scale for pedestrians, changing their perception of space. This, in turn, could negatively influence the attractiveness of these environments. In this paper, whilst the virtual reality variations refer to a single realistic environment going through such a process of intensification, they can significantly reflect on many such environments around the world.