First Report of Penicillium polonicum Causing Blue Mold on Stored Onion (Allium cepa) in Serbia (original) (raw)
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Canadian Journal of Botany, 2005
Fifteen strains representing each Penicillium ser. Corymbifera taxa were compared using phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characters by cluster analysis and discriminant partial least squares regression. Variability in phenotypic expression of species strains resulted in a more fragmented classification compared with secondary metabolite expression. Although the observed phenotypic expression varied for strains cultured upon the same media, it was possible to classify strains into species groupings based only upon a few distinctive phenotypic traits. Data analysis of secondary metabolite profiles generated from HPLC-diode array dectection analysis gave reliable strain classification when more than one media type was employed. Depending on the species, Czapek yeast autolysate agar typically yielded the greatest chemical diversity; however, several metabolites (terrestric acid, corymbiferone, the corymbiferan lactones, and daldinin D) were only produced when strains were grown on either y...
New Penicillium Species Associated with Bulbs and Root Vegetables
Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 2003
Taxa of the Penicillium series Corymbifera are known for their strongly fasciculate growth and association with the rhizosphere of vegetables and flower bulbs. Using micromorphology, colony characteristics on various media and chemotaxonomic profiling, P. albocoremium sensu stricto and two new species, P. radicicola and P. tulipae, are redescribed during a taxonomic survey of P. albocoremium isolates contained within the IBT culture collection. Although these novel taxa are micromorphologically quite similar, their unique secondary metabolite profiles individually distinguish them from isolates of P. albocoremium. Moreover, the following metabolites produced by these species are known mycotoxins: citrinin, penicillic acid and terrestric acid by P. radicicola and terrestric acid and penitrem A by P. tulipae. tion [18] and volatile metabolite production [7] demonstrated several discrepancies indicating that P. albocoremium sensu lato may contain two or more taxa.
Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 2010
Postharvest blue mold decay caused by Penicillium spp. is the most important disease of fresh apple fruit in the world, which extend from the field to the store. Two new Penicillium spp. responsible for apple fruit decay were recovered. The morphological and molecular features of Penicillium griseofulvum and Penicillium aurantiogriseum isolated from apple fruits were characterized morphologically and molecularly. Pathogenicity test exhibited that both P. griseofulvum and P. aurantiogriseum were responsible for blue mold decay in storage apple fruits. Lesion diameter indicated that P. aurantiogriseum was more aggressive than P. griseofulvum. All tested isolates were able to synthesize citrinin in addition to patulin. Not all of the isolates belonging to the same species showed the same profile of secondary metabolites. Microsatellite-primed polymerase chain reaction was able to differentiate these isolates at the species level and divided the analyzed isolates into two genetically different groups. Little intraspecific variability was evident. Microsatellite-primed polymerase chain reaction analysis proved to be an objective, rapid, and reliable tool to identify Penicillium spp. involved in blue mold of apple. This is the first report of occurrence of P. griseofulvum and P. aurantiogriseum on imported apple fruits in Saudi Arabia.
Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2005
A considerable number of blue mold rot reports of various commercially grown bulbs and vegetables in the literature have been based on outdated taxonomy attributing crop losses to Penicillium corymbiferum Westling (a synonym of P. hirsutum Dierkx). The species P. corymbiferum has recently been subdivided into seven taxa which comprise the Pencillium series Corymbifera: P. albocoremium, P. allii, P. hirsutum, P. hordei, P. radicicola, P. tulipae and P. venetum. Results from pathogencity trials indicated that P. allii was the predominant pathogen of Allium cepa (red onion) and Allium sativum; however it did not infect either tulip or gladiolus. P. hirsutum, P. radicicola, P. tulipae and P. venetum were predominant pathogens of Tulipa gesneriana and P. hirsutum, P. tulipae and P. venetum were predominant pathogens of a Gladiolus sp. Six of the Corymbifera taxa (excluding P. hordei) caused a rot in the basal root plate of A. cepa (yellow onion); however as P. tulipae produces the mycotoxin penitrem A, which has been previously implicated in tremorgenic toxicosis, spoilage of yellow onion during storage due to this fungus is of particular concern.
Plant Pathology, 2009
A total of 147 samples of garlic ( Allium sativum ) bulbs affected by blue mould were obtained from a variety of agroclimatic districts between December 1999 and February 2000. Penicillium species were identified using both morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics. Penicillium allii was the predominant species isolated (81·8%) in this survey and the only species proven to be pathogenic on garlic. Other species were isolated much less frequently: P. chrysogenum (13·7%), P. brevicompactum (2·8%), P. phoeniceum (0·9%), P. aurantiogriseum (0·6%) and P. flavigenum (0·2%). Colonies of P. allii could be classified into four morphotypes and their distribution seemed to be influenced by seed trade and agricultural practices. Penicillium allii isolates were grouped into three aggressiveness phenotypes (low, medium and high) based on their ability to cause disease during field trials on susceptible (Fuego INTA) and less susceptible (Castaño INTA) garlic cultivars. The number of surviving plants at 191 days after planting and postharvest bulb weight contributed the most towards aggressiveness modelling.
Plants
During preservation, Jerusalem artichoke (JA) tubers are subjected to deterioration by mold fungi under storage, which signifies a serious problem. A new blue mold (Penicillium polonium) was recorded for the first time on JA tubers. Penicillium mold was isolated, identified (morphologically, and molecularly), and deposited in GenBank; (MW041259). The fungus has a multi-lytic capacity, facilitated by various enzymes capable of severely destroying the tuber components. An economic oil-based procedure was applied for preserving and retaining the nutritive value of JA tubers under storage conditions. Caraway and clove essential oils, at a concentration of 2%, were selected based on their strong antifungal actions. JA tubers were treated with individual oils under storage, kept between peat moss layers, and stored at room temperature. Tubers treated with both oils exhibited lower blue mold severity, sprouting and weight loss, and higher levels of carbohydrates, inulin, and protein conten...
Fungi Associated with Storage Rots of Onion Bulbs in Sokoto. Nigeria
International Journal of Modern Botany, 2012
A survey of fungi associated with postharvest deterioration of onion bulbs was conducted in Sokoto, northwestern Nigeria in 2010. Rotten onion bulbs sold at five different markets: Sokoto central markets, Kasuwa daji, Gawon nama, Arkilla and Mabera were infected with eight species of fungi: Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, Alternaria porri, Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium oxysporum, and Penicillium citrinum. Of these, A.niger, A.flavus and A.porri were the most frequently isolated fungi. Penicillium citrinum was the least encountered fungus. Pathogenicity tests revealed that all the isolated fungi were pathogenic on onion bulbs however; A. porri, R. stolonifer and P. citrinum were the most pathogenic leading to rapid disintegration of the infected bulbs within 21 days of inoculation. While A. niger was the least pathogenic. The implications of the findings in relation to post harvest handling of onion bulbs and mycotoxin production were discussed.
Airborne Penicillium in the grain shops of Nagpur (India)
Grana, 2005
The airborne Penicillium spp. and total airborne fungal spore concentration was investigated in the grain shops of Nagpur city, India, using a volumetric Hi-Air sampler system Mark II (Hi Media Laboratories Ltd., India). The mycotoxins were analysed from the Penicillium isolates obtained from the seeds by thin layer chromatography. The mean concentration of the total fungi isolated from different grain shops ranged from 7.8610 2 to 1.1610 3 CFU/m 3. The mean concentration of Penicillium isolated from the air of grain shops ranged from 8.6610 1 CFU/m 3 (10.8%) to 1.7610 2 CFU/m 3 (19.9%). Among the 13 species of Penicillium which were isolated, P. citrinum Thom was the most prevalent species (24.2%), followed by
Identification of Penicillium expansum causing postharvest blue mold decay of apple fruit
2014
Penicillium expansum (Link) Thom. is one of the most important postharvest pathogens of apple fruit worldwide. It causes blue mold, a decay that can lead to significant economic losses during storage, which can also impact fruit destined for processing due to the production of carcinogenic mycotoxin patulin. Apple fruit cvs. Idared, Golden Delicious and Braeburn with blue mold symptoms were collected from five storage facilities in Serbia and nine fungal isolates were obtained. Pathogenicity of the isolates was tested and proven by artificial inoculation of healthy apples cv. Idared. In order to identify the causal agents of decay, morphological and molecular methods were used. Colony morphology and microscopic features were observed on differential media, and isolates were tested for the production of cyclopiazonic acid. Molecular analysis included PCR amplification with species specific primers for P. expansum based on polygalacturonase gene (Pepg1), universal primers for internal transcribed spacer rDNA region and primers based on β-tubulin gene. All isolates formed compact blue green colonies with characteristic earthy odor. Conidiophores were terverticillate with smooth septate stipes and conidia were smooth, globose to subglobose, born in colums. The average size of conidia was 3.38 ± 0.49 (SD) x 3 ± 0.36 (SD) μm. Using species specific primers PEF/PER the texpected amplicons of ~404 bp were obtained in all nine tested isolates and PCR conducted with the Bt-LEV-Up4/Bt-LEV-Lo1 and universal ITS1/ITS4 primer pairs generated amplicons of the expected sizes of ~800 bp and ~600 bp, respectively. MegaBlast analyses of the 2X consensus of nucleotide sequences of the isolate JP1 partial β-tubulin gene and ITS region showed 99-100% and 100% similarity with several P. expansum sequences of corresponding regions of this species deposited in GenBank. Based on morphological and molecular features, the isolates obtained from decayed apple fruit collected in several storage facilities in Serbia were identified as P. expansum.