Resistance of the leather-rubber adhesive joint when making the shoe upper (original) (raw)
Related papers
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research , 2020
The modern technology of footwear and other construction conduct extensive use of adhesives; in exception with sometimes uppers are attached with sole by sewing or in some cases like attachment of heel with nails etc. In this study twenty types of upper, two types of soling materials i.e. resin and crepe rubber and solvent based adhesive are used for assembling forty types of upper-sole combination and corresponding bond strength are determined based on peel test following SATRA adhesive test method. The aim and purpose of this test is to provide a clear guideline for selecting soles, adhesive regarding application methodology, surface preparation for required bond strength in between upper to sole for footwear and other constructions.
The adhesion properties of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR 25 grade)-based adhesive was studied in the presence of calcium carbonate. The range of calcium carbonate loading was from 10 to 40 parts per hundred parts of rubber (phr). The footwear substrates: Microcellular (MC) Resin rubber (RR) and leather (LT) outsoles were used. The lap shear and peel strength were determined by a Llyod Adhesion Tester operating at 8cm/min. The assessment of the bonding strength, such as viscosity, peel strength, lap shear test, and as well as the effect of temperature and chemicals on the adhesive bonds were carried out on the outsoles using standard methods. FTIR result of the ENR compounds showed important characteristics peak confirming the presence of Epoxide group and CaCO3. Results obtained shows that viscosity of ENR-based adhesives increases gradually with increase in calcium carbonate loading from 10-40phr due to the concentration effect of the filler. However, for lap shear and peel strength, it passes through a maximum at 30 phr loading of calcium carbonate, an observation which is attributed to the optimum wettability of adhesives on the substrate. Temperature had a slight effect on the peel and lap shear test. The adhesive showed good resistance to cold and hot water as the filler loading increases from10-40phr filler loading. The microcellular out-soles showed the best adhesion properties in terms of lap shear test and peel strength of the adhesive bonds. This is confirmed from the maximum results of 83.3N/m 2 and 458.3N/m 2 corresponding to peel and lap shear of the adhesive bonds respectively. The produced adhesive showed an expedient adhesion property which can be applied in footwear production.
Performance of Leather Uppers of Local Footwear products and the Determinants
2014
Various literatures acknowledged that Ethiopian sheep and goats skins are appreciated by the international leather industry because of their high strength at lower thickness and flexibility. On the country the local leather upper footwear products have low market position both at national and international levels. This research has, then, risen to investigate the performance of the upper leather of local footwear products against the standard requirements. Samples of local footwear, black upper leathers and finished leathers for shoe consumption, and semi-processed suede upper leather have been prepared and tested according the South Africa National accreditation Standards (sanas) test method in the Leather Industry Development Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Both physical and mechanical Laboratory test results have been collected and then manipulated using the descriptive analysis. The research result illustrated that the average tear strength, tensile strength and percentage of ...
Sustainable adhesives and adhesion processes for the footwear industry
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 2020
The key to sustainable development in the footwear industry through the principles of circular economy lies in taking care of the design, as well as the introduction of innovative and more resource efficient materials and processes to reduce or avoid the use of water, energy, hazardous chemicals and to minimise emissions and waste. In fact, the environmental footprint is already being considered as another requirement of the footwear through eco-design. In this sense, previous studies carried out by INESCOP regarding its environmental impact in terms of carbon footprint showed that 15% of it corresponds to the assembly processes, mainly by adhesive joints, due to their content on organic solvents, hazardous chemicals and polymers from fossil origin. Therefore, this paper focuses on recent developments carried out by INESCOP on more sustainable adhesives and adhesion processes for the upper-to-sole assembly in the footwear manufacturing process, through different approaches. Firstly, bio-based reactive polyurethane hot melt adhesives have been synthesised using polyols from different renewable sources. Secondly, the use of the low-pressure plasma surface treatment to improve the adhesion of polymeric materials used as soling materials was assessed in order to reduce volatile organic compounds emissions, as well as the use of hazardous chemicals for total automation of the bonding process.
Mechanical Parameters of Leather in Relation to Technological Processing of the Footwear Uppers
Materials
This paper aimed to define two critical mechanical properties of leather—Young’s modulus and Poisson ratio—essential to the virtual simulation of the behaviour of the footwear uppers against the manufacturing operations of stitching and perforating. The following technological aspects were considered to analyse the materials from manufacturing conditions point of view: the number of layers (one layer and two layers), the nature of the materials used for uppers subgroups (calfskin-outer upper, sheep leather-lining, polyester knitted fabric-lining), the overlapping width in the stitching area, the number of parallel stitches (single stitch and double stitch), the punching interval and the type of perforations (simple and with eyelets), resulting in nine kinds of samples. Furthermore, the elasticity (Young’s modulus) and lateral contraction (Poisson’s ratio) were calculated during the tensile strength analysis performed on the SATRA STM 466 equipment. Both mechanical parameters are ess...
Study of the Resistance of Shoe Sole Compositions to various Aggressive Environments
International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research, 2023
In this paper, the stability of shoe sole compositions to various aggressive media was studied: in water, in gasoline, in diesel fuel, in antifreeze, in industrial oil, in acetone and ethyl acetate. The kinetics of swelling of polymer compositions in various aggressive media for 3 days was determined. It has been determined that the type of filler in the composition has a significant impact on the oil and petrol resistance of the material, therefore, a correctly selected filler will make it possible to significantly improve the ability of sole materials to resist aggressive media. Samples of sole materials were subjected to natural, thermal and light aging. It has been proved that the obtained compositions for casting parts of the bottom of the shoe well withstand tests for natural and artificial aging and can be recommended for use in working conditions with increased thermal and light exposure.
The rationale behind using natural polymeric materials in shoe production
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019
In this paper, we have studied the modern natural polymeric materials which are used for producing component parts and the uppers of shoes. Having taken into account functional, economical, production and customer requirements for purpose-made shoes, we have identified a range of characteristics of leather qualities. They make it possible to provide rationalization for technological solutions, aimed at decreasing the risk of raw materials culling at all stages of a manufacturing procedure, decreasing resources and energy consumption when making products of a desired quality: tensile strength, tensile strength of surface, extension at tensile strength, water resistance of flexible leather, hygroscopicity.
2003
The effects of base polymer and filler types like, NR, NRISBR, NRJSBRJBR blends, Hind clay and SRF N770 fillers and their doses on rheometric and physical properties of a shoe sole compound are studied. In addition to hardness, other related important properties of the shoe sole like, tensile strength, modulus at 100 per cent strain, abrasion resistance, cut growth resistance up to 300 per cent, elongation at break are also measured for the vulcanizates. The curing characteristics of the vulcanizates are determined by using a Monsanto MDR 2000 rheometer. The economic validity of the different formulations is also evaluated.
Aspects Regarding the Physiological and Comfort Parameters in Shoes Made of Leather Substitutes
Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems, 2022
The issue of replacing natural leather with leather substitutes is increasingly common in the leather goods industry. In this paper, it was addressed the issue of ensuring the physiological and comfort parameters when wearing leather substitute shoes. The aim of the paper is to analyze how the sanogenetic indicators influence the hygienic properties of footwear products starting from the porosity of the materials subjected to experimental determinations. Poromeric skin substitutes will be used, which allow the passage of water vapor and air. Both types of leather substitutes for shoe uppers and some types of textile materials for linings will be subjected to laboratory analysis, using the pycnometric method. In conclusion, the values obtained for porosity fall between 47 and 58%, limits also provided by the specialized literature. It is noted that the porosity values of leather substitutes are close to those of chrome-tanned leather, so as a result, the value of leather substitutes use will increase (they have sanogenetic properties similar to natural leather). Currently, leather substitutes are used more and more in the manufacture of footwear products, because they maintain a thermal transfer balance between the foot and the surrounding environment, favoring the elimination of moisture produced by the foot when wearing the footwear in the outdoor environment.
2016
The modern footwear technology involves a widespread use of adhesives, major exceptions being the sewing of uppers and in some cases, the attachment of heels with nails. In this study, four different uppers, three types of soles and two solvent-borne adhesives are used for assembling twelve types of upper-sole combination and corresponding bond strengths were determined based on peel test following SATRA Adhesive Test Method AM2. The purpose of this work is to provide a clear guideline for selecting adherends, adhesives regarding application methodology, surface preparation for required bond strength in between upper-to-sole for footwear construction. Most of the obtained peel test results 3 N/mm which was quite noteworthy for everyday footwear. This paper also addresses the root causes of bond failure of upper-to-sole joint in footwear fabrication which was hardly ever attempted before.