Determinant Factors of the Nutritional Status of Paraguayan Childhood. Integrated Home Survey - IHS 2000/ 01 (original) (raw)
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Determinants of nutritional status of under-five children - A cross sectional study
2014
Introduction: Children between one and five years of age constitute 16.5% of the total population whereas mortality in this age group constitutes 40% of the total deaths in the country. Environmental factors like parental education, socio-economic status, sanitation, standard of living, parental attitudes and child rearing practices influence the growth and development of children. Objective: To find the determinants of malnu-trition in children aged 1-5 years. Methods: This study was conducted in a Primary Health Centre area. The study population consisted of children 1-5yrs of age. Sample size calculated was 933. Anthropometric meas-urements, i.e., height, weight of each subject, were taken according to the standard procedures. Children were considered with underweight, stunting and wasting if their weight-for age, height-for-age and weight-for-height z-scores were below -2.0 SD of the WHO standards. EPI INFO statistical package was used for analysis. Results: The present study in...
Maternal & Child …, 2010
Birthweight is recognized to be a determinant of a full term infant's early growth pattern; however, few studies have explored whether this effect is sustained into school age, especially in developing countries. We have used a cohort study from North East Brazil to investigate factors determining the anthropometric status of eightyear-old children born at full-term with low or appropriate weight. A cohort of 375 full-term infants was recruited at birth in six maternity hospitals between 1993 and 1994, in a poor region of the interior of the State of Pernambuco. At the age of 8 years, 86 born with low birthweight and 127 with appropriate birthweight were traced. Multivariable linear regression analyses were used to identify the net effect of socioeconomic conditions, maternal nutritional status and child factors on weight-forage and height-forage. An enter approach was used to estimate the contribution of different factors on child anthropometry. Birthweight had little influence on child nutritional status at school age. Maternal BMI and height together were the biggest contributors to variation in child weight-forage (12.3%) and height-forage (13.2%), followed by family socioeconomic conditions. Maternal height as a proxy of maternal constraint was the single factor that best explained the variation in both indices (6.2% for weight-forage and 11.1% for height-forage). Haemoglobin level measured at eight years made a small but significant contribution to variation in height-forage (5.6%) and weight for age (1.4%). Maternal nutritional status, reflecting genetic inheritance and the poor socioeconomic conditions of this population, was the most important determinant of the nutritional status of children at school age, rather than birthweight.
… Paper POP2005-0006/Population Aging Center …, 2005
During the past few decades, Bangladeshi children under age 10 have experienced significant improvements in nutrition, and sex differences in child nutrition have declined significantly regardless of family structure, a major change from previous observations in Matlab. However, our attempts to understand child nutrition in developing countries are hindered by problems with the measures used to evaluate health. The anthropometric proxies commonly used to judge nutrition (BMI, weight-for-age and height-for-age) often fail to capture the true health status of children in undernourished populations. Further, the standard of comparison based on U.S. children misclassifies a large number of children in Bangladesh as malnourished, particularly in the adolescent years. We explore nutrition in Matlab, Bangladesh, using measures of acute and chronic morbidity to assess whether and how anthropometric indicators of nutrition accurately reflect the health of children in this population.
Public Health Nutrition, 2000
Objective: To assess the relative importance of socioeconomic and maternal/prenatal determinants of the nutritional situation of children Ͻ 6 years old in an urban African area after several years of economic crisis. Design: Cross-sectional cluster sample survey. Setting: Brazzaville, capital city of the Congo. Subjects: Information on socioeconomic characteristics was gathered from a random sample of 1368 households by house visits and anthropometric measurements were performed using standardized procedures on preschool children (n = 2373) and their mothers (n = 1512). Results: The influence of socioeconomic factors on the nutritional status of children, taking into account adjustment variables such as mother's age and child's age and sex was assessed. For stunting, as well as for the mean height-for-age index among children, the main determinants were economic level of the household (P = 0.048 and P = 0.004, respectively), schooling of the mother (P = 0.004 and P Ͻ 10 −3 ) and living in the peripheral district (P = 0.005 and P Ͻ 10 −3 ). The influence of socioeconomic determinants on weight-for-age and wasting was less straightforward. When adjusting, in addition, for maternal and prenatal factors (mother's height and body mass index (BMI) and birth weight), most of the effects of the socioeconomic determinants on the nutritional status of children persisted somewhat, but the effect of the economic level on the stunting became not significant (P = 0.11). The mean BMI of mothers appeared to be related to the economic level of the household (P Ͻ 10 −4 ), to the marital status (P = 0.01) and to the occupation of the mother (P Ͻ 10 −4 ). Conclusions: Among the socioeconomic determinants of malnutrition in children, some, such as economic level of the household or schooling of the mother, seem to act mainly through prenatal factors, whereas others, mainly dwelling district characteristics, seem to influence more directly the children's nutritional status.
Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria
Introduction. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of reference tables to monitor the growth pattern and nutritional status of children and adolescents. Body mass index (BMI), weight, and height are the most commonly used variables. The objective of this study was to estimate the BMI, weight, and height percentiles for school-aged children (2009-2011) living in the department of San Rafael (Mendoza) and compare them to the international World Health Organization reference to establish their relevance for the evaluation of the growth pattern and nutritional status of this population. Population and methods. A cross-sectional anthropometric study was conducted in 3448 school-aged children aged 4.00 to 13.49 years. The LMS ChartMarker Pro software was used to estimate the BMIfor-age, weight-forage , and height-forage percentiles, by sex and age, and they were compared with the WHO curves. Besides, percentage differences (%D) were calculated to estimate the differences and their statistical significance using the Wilcoxon test. Results. The population of boys and girls in San Rafael showed higher weight and BMI (%D ≈ 7% and 9%, respectively) percentiles, and lower height (%D ≈ 0.8%) values than WHO reference (p < 0.05). Conclusion. The differences found warn about the use of the WHO reference in the school-aged population of San Rafael since it would overestimate the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and chronic malnutrition and underestimate the prevalence of acute and global malnutrition. This situation highlights the importance of having a local reference resource.
Desnutrición infantil, desarrollo social y servicios médicos en la región andina
2005
This paper analyzes the social, ethnic and regional determinants of child malnutrition, as well as the effects of access to health services in the Andean region, by comparing conditions in Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. These three countries are marked by a high prevalence of stunting and by wide socioeconomic, regional and ethnic disparities. The analysis used Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from Peru (1992Peru ( , 1996Peru ( and 2000 and Bolivia (1997), and Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) data for Ecuador (1998). The paper adopts an international comparative perspective, analyzing Ecuador in particular detail.
Background: Globally, malnutrition is a major public health concern. Malnutrition, mostly resulting from poor dietary choices is related to physiological, socioeconomic and psychological factors and remains one of the leading causes of under-five mortality (U5M) in developing countries. Interventions aimed at addressing the high prevalence of malnutrition in most developing countries is hampered by paucity of data on its prevalence and thus, most countries do not accord malnutrition especially among children under-five (under-5) years the required urgent attention. The study therefore assessed the nutritional status of under-five children in Zamfara State, northwest Nigeria. Methods: Households with children under-5 registered within the Nahuche Health and Demographic Surveillance System (Nahuche HDSS) were identified from the centre's database. Nutritional status of 397 children under-5 were assessed from three out of the six districts under the demographic surveillance area (DSA) using anthropometric indices. The anthropometric measurements (z-scores) were calculated for height-forage (HAZ), weight-for-height (WHZ) and weight-forage (WAZ) using the Emergency Nutrition Assessment (ENA) for SMART Software. The nutritional status of children under-5 in the DSA was compared with new growth standards published by World Health Organisation (WHO) in 2006. Results: Results show that malnutrition was prevalent, with 70% (n=397) of the under-5 stunted, 15% (n=292) wasted and 37% (n=397) underweight. About half of the stunted children, were severely stunted while almost a quarter (23.9%) of the underweight children, were severely underweight. Conclusion: The study provided evidence of high malnutrition among under-five children in the study area and thus, emphasized the need for multidimensional and multisectoral intervention aimed at addressing prevalence of high malnutrition. This can be achieved through strategic advocacy to policy level stakeholders, promotion of maternal and child health (MCH) services and integrated health promotion focusing on caregivers of children under-5.
Malnutrition in Côte d'Ivoire is a major concern. It mainly concerns children who are most vulnerable. Its consequences dramatic are on the fate and future of this population segment. In Côte d'Ivoire, 5259 canteens exist in more than 10,009 primary schools. The main purpose of our study was to determine the prevalence of different possible malnutrition in school canteens of Abidjan. Volunteers children aged 05 to 11 years, regularly enrolled in primary schools with canteens were selected. A determination o f anthropometric indices using a computer program "Epi Info" has yielded the Z scores weight for height, height for age and weight for age. With these values of Z scores, we determined and compared the different prevalence of acute malnutrition (moderate and severe), chronic malnutrition (moderate and severe) and underweight. In addition, different levels of thinness in children aged 9 to 11 years have been reported with their Body Mass Index (BMI). Furthermore, computer programs Statsoft Statistica Windows version 7.1 and R.2.0.1 version Windows were used for comparison purposes. A probability threshold of p less than 0.05 was chosen for testing significant. The prevalence of malnutrition was 5.8% for chronic malnutrition and 26.7% acute malnutrition among all children selected in our study. The results of the study showed that through the Z scores that girls are exposed to severe chronic malnutrition compared to boys. Conversely, the boys were most affected by underweight than girls. No significant difference was observed between boys and girls in the prevalence of different forms of malnutrition among these children. Moreover, girls of 10 years are most at risk of grade 3 thinness with 26.5% compared to other children. Age and municipality household size of children have been factors associated with malnutrition. The prevalence of malnutrition among children of 5 to 11 years are observed to varying degrees. They seem less important compared to children under 05 years.
Determinants of mild-to-moderate malnutrition in preschoolers in an urban area of …
Public health …, 2008
Objective: To investigate the determinants of mild-to-moderate malnutrition in preschoolers. Design: Cross-sectional study conducted in October and November 1996, with a representative sample of 1740 children less than 5 years old from the city of Salvador, situated in the Brazilian Northeastern region. Socioeconomic and dietary data were collected through a structured questionnaire. Anthropometric measures were performed in duplicate and data analysis was based upon the hierarchical model approach. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the prevalence ratio and to identify the determinants of mild-to-moderate deficits in weight-forage and height-forage Z-scores. Results: Family monthly income under US$67.00 per capita and family headed by a woman were the main basic determinants of mild-to-moderate weight-forage and height-forage deficits in the studied children. Household agglomeration, an underlying determinant, was associated with weight-forage and height-forage deficits. Among the immediate determinants, age above 6 months and dietary caloric availability in the lowest tertile (,930 kcal day 21) were also associated with weight-forage deficits. In addition to these, hospitalisation in the 12 months preceding the interview was shown to be a predictor of mild-to-moderate weightfor-age and height-forage deficits. Conclusion: Adverse social and economic factors interact with family environmental factors to define food consumption and morbidity patterns that culminate in a high prevalence of mild-to-moderate malnutrition. The strengthening and restructuring of nutrition and healthcare actions, the definition of public policies that improve family income, and the adequate insertion of women in the labour market are possible strategies to reduce mild-to-moderate malnutrition and to sustain the decline already observed in severe malnutrition. Keywords Mild-to-moderate malnutrition Determinants Preschoolers Brazil Hierarchical approach Recent studies have revealed a decline in the prevalence of malnutrition of severe and moderate intensities in several regions of the world 1 , including Brazil 2,3. Although this represents a promising perspective for infant health and nutrition, the fact that high rates of mild malnutrition still persist has epidemiological relevance, because mortality risk may also increase 4,5. In developing countries, taking into account diarrhoea, pneumonia, measles and all of these together as causes of death, the risk of death for preschoolers with a mild deficit of the weight-forage indicator (Z-score 22.0 to ,21.0) is 1.73-2.32 times higher than for children with adequate weight-forage. This risk increases from 3.01 to 5.39 times if the child is moderately malnourished (Z-score 23.0 to ,22.0), reaching 5.22 to 12.50 times in those severely malnourished (Z-score ,23.0) 5. Similar relative risks have been also estimated by other authors 6. In analysing data from 28 studies in African and Asian countries, Pelletier 5 estimated that mild-to-moderate malnutrition contributes to 50-75% of deaths in the first years of life.