Rodent Menace, their Management and Role of Possible New Formulations to Combat Rodenticide Resistance (original) (raw)
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The new alternative different rodenticides for control rodent
The main of objectives of this studies aim to develop an effective strategy for implementation of rodent management programs in ecosystems by used the new alternative to control rodent without rodenticides such as chemostralisation, antifertility, vitamins with wheat in different ratios, protozoa, anti feeding and natural plant materials and other methods. Because. The main options available for non chemical control and non lethal chemical control methods may be cost effective, but they rarely achieve the rapid knockdown of a pest population that is possible with properly used chemical rodenticides. However, they can be integrated with chemical control, except perhaps vertebrate predators which may be vulnerable to secondary poisoning from some persistent chemical rodenticides. (Keshta 2003).
Rodents principally rats and mice are some of the most bothersome and damaging creatures in the world. Almost every type of food commodity is subjected to rodents attack and losses to cereals are serious problem experienced throughout the sphere. Significantly rodents may affect rice crop production and rodenticides are likely to remain the essential management tool for controlling their damage in the field. This paper reports the results of the field studies to identify and quantify the species complex, damage pattern and efficiency of rodenticides in controlling rodents attacking rice (Oryza sativa L.), fields. The replicated trial was arranged according to randomized complete block design, and the samples for rodent species, preference for poison baits and comparative effectiveness of rodenticides in reducing pest populations and damage were taken before, during and after control operation was applied. Present results revealed that a guild of four rodent species viz., the lesser bandicoot rat (Bandicota bengalensis Gray), the metad (Millardia meltada Gray), the short tailed mole rat (Nesokia indica Gray), and the house mouse (Mus musculus L.) was observed damaging in the rice fields. However, the bandicoot rat (B. bengalensis) was found to be the primary and the most dominant species among the other rodent pests, which was responsible for inflicting severe damage to paddy throughout the rice growing season. Out of two tested rodenticides; Brodifacoum (single dose anticoagulant) was proved more efficient than Warfarin (multiple dose anticoagulant) for rodents management. When compared with additive poison baits, it was found that mixture of Brodifacoum plus egg was preferred by rodents over the other combinations and found most effective to achieve a successful control of these economically important agricultural vertebrate pests. For preventing losses from rodents feeding, growers should also implement a sound integrated pest management (IPM) program in their field crops.
Rodenticide Use in Rodent Management in the United States: An Overview
Rodents occur worldwide and have adapted to most types of ecosystems. Rodents provide many important ecosystem functions and while most rodent species do not cause serious damage problems, a small number of species do. Rodent-caused damage includes crop and stored food consumption and contamination, forestry and nursery damage, rangeland damage, ornamental plant damage, property damage, cable and irrigation pipe damage, disease transmission, and, when introduced to islands, damage and even extinction of native flora and fauna. Many tools are used to reduce rodent populations and damage. Rodenticides are an especially important tool in rodent management. Many types of active ingredients and formulations are available for different species and situations. Rodenticides and their use are regulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and authorized State agencies. Following regulatory review, the approved label dictates how the product must be used and who has auth...
Efficacy of rodent control in alfalfa and wheat crops using chemical and natural rodenticides
Pesticidi I Fitomedicina, 2007
Biological efficacy of chemical and natural rodenticides in controlling rodents in alfalfa and wheat crops was investigated. The experiment was set up using a randomized block design with four replicates and 400 m2 plots in compliance with a standard OEPP/EPPO method. Examination was based on the average number of active holes and rodenticide efficacy was measured three, seven, 14 and 28 days after treatment. Rodent numbers were computed from the number of active holes, and rodenticide efficacy using Abbott’s formula. The appearance and arrangement of active holes indicated the presence of common vole (Microtus arvalis Pall) and striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) in the plots. The products tested demonstrated satisfactory efficacy in controlling rodents in alfalfa and wheat crops. Products based on vitamin D3 achieved 87-90% efficacy in both crops. The efficacy of a bromadiolone-based product ranged from 84% to 90%, while a cellulose product displayed the highest variation in e...
Veterinarski glasnik, 2019
Background. Rodent pests are natural reservoirs and vectors of a vast array of human and animal diseases caused by bacteria, rickettsia, viruses, protozoans, fungi and some parasites. The most important risk factor for human infection with Trichinella is the rearing of pigs on small farms and by rural households, if rodent pest control is not conducted regularly. Rodent pests cause economic losses by consuming, contaminating and/or damaging foods intended for human or animal consumption. Scope and Approach. The aim of this work is to point out the epidemiological and epizootiological importance of regular rodent control, and the importance of integrated use of all measures in deratization, as well as mistakes which can be made in implementing this procedure. Key Findings and Conclusions. The control of populations of pest synanthropic and hemisynanthropic rodents is a very complex and delicate task to carry out. Given all characteristics of the majority of rodent pest species, e.g. ...
Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 2012
This paper presents the harmful rodents in alfalfa in Serbia in the first decade of this century. We also review the products registered and assessed the efficiency of conventional (acute) rodenticides, anticoagulant and rodenticides based on environmentally friendly active ingredients. In addition to anticoagulants of second generation, whose mechanism of action is based on a synthesis of the factors preventing blood coagulation, in the latest of the eighties, and in early of nineties introduced products based on vitamin D3cholecalciferol. Their mechanism of action is based on the mobilization of calcium from bone and tissue and calcification of blood vessels, kidney, liver, heart muscle leading to delays in the work of these bodies. The last decade of the last century have been recorded and products based on trace element selenium (Se), the mechanism of action is based on the replacement of thiol functional enzymes SS groups. Also presents the possibility of application of ecological cellulose product in the field. In the world, so far, cellulose based rodenticides are only registered in municipal buildings. Its mechanism of action is based on interference with the absorption of water leading to dehydration in rodents. Rodents do not develop resistance to products based on vitamin D3 and selenium, a cellulose product is favourable toxicological and eco-toxicological point.
Owls [Working Title]
Rat infestation in crops has been dealt with the crudest method of hunting and trapping to reliance on natural enemies to application of rodenticides and the present approach of IPM by combining baiting with biological control by a suitable predator. Sustainability is the key feature where rat pest is kept below the carrying capacity of the habitat avoiding harming nontarget animals and preserving the environment. Combining rodenticides with predators calls for a balancing act whereby the latter is not exposed in as much as possible to intoxication by the former through secondary poisoning. Long-term exposure to the first-generation anticoagulant rodenticide (FGAR) has given rise to bait resistance, prompting the formulation of highly toxic second-generation rodenticides (SGAR) that may overcome resistance in rat but lead to bioaccumulation of rodenticide residues in the predator leading to lethal or sublethal effects on the latter, which defeats the purpose. Therefore, the choice of rodenticides and applications may bring out the desired effects for a sustainable rat control programme in combination with predators as natural enemies. This paper reports on a number of studies to achieve sustainable rat control programme by combining available rodenticide formulations with the natural propagation of barn owls Tyto javanica in oil palm plantation in Malaysia.
The use of rodenticides for conservation efforts
Proc. Wildlife Damage …, 2007
Non-native rats (Rattus spp.) and mice have been introduced to more than 80% of the island groups around the world. They have caused ecosystem-wide impacts, including the extirpation and extinction of many native and endemic species which evolved in a mammalian predator-free environment. Fortunately, practitioners have developed techniques to eradicate introduced rodents, allowing ecosystems to recover. Rodenticides have proven an effective tool in eradications, having been used in over 300 successful eradications worldwide. Careful planning, adequate resources, and a sustained effort by competent field staff are needed to help ensure a successful eradication program. Island eradications are logistically complex and often quite expensive, requiring that once initiated, removal of 100% of rodents is paramount to facilitate support for future projects. However, efforts must be made to reduce potential rodenticide impacts to non-target animals, especially native birds and mammals. Standard considerations include confirming the species present, their behavioral characteristics and scale of risk, the legal status of species present, and population levels and distributions. To minimize risks, the type of rodenticide used, bait formulation, placement (stations or broadcast), timing of application, number of applications, and weather needs to be considered. It is important to recognize the great value of a successful invasive rodent eradication to island resources; recovery of native flora and fauna is usually rapid and remarkable.
Comparative Efficacy of four Rodenticides on the Ghanaian Market
Journal of the Ghana Science Association, 2011
Due to the enormous damage that rodents cause to agricultural produce, merchandise and human health all over the world, large sums of money is often spent on rodenticides in order to control rodent populations. A number of rodenticides exist on the Ghanaian market on which there is limited scientific data on their efficacy and use. This study investigated the efficacy of four rodenticides namely Storm (flocoumafen at 0.005% w/w), Baraki (difethialone at 0.0025% w/w), Chinaman (diphacinone at 0.005% w/w) and Zinc Phosphide on the Ghanaian market, on white laboratory rats (Rattus novigicus). The results indicated that product acceptability by the rats within 24 hours was significantly higher for Storm (20.6±1.3g) and Baraki (17.8±5.5g) as compared to Chinaman (5.4±0.3g) and Zinc Phosphide (3.2±1.7g) (ANOVA, p < 0.05). Consumption of Storm, Baraki and Zinc Phophide produced lethal effects with mean time of death ranging from 4.0±1, 3.8±1 to 1.0 days respectively indicating that Baraki and Storm exhibited delayed lethal effects. Although product acceptability for Zinc Phosphide was low, the amount needed to produce lethal effects in white laboratory rats was small and appeared to have been consumed over a single encounter. The study provides baseline data for further investigations and field trials. Group, 2000). Rodents range in size from pygmy mice, Mus minutoides weighing 5g to capybaras, Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris that weighs more than 70 kg. Rodents are of several uses to the ecosystem. Many rodents alter the structure of their environment by surface tunnelling, construction of leaf or stick nests, arranging pebbles around burrow entrances, or stripping the bark of trees. These activities provide living space or resource opportunities for other organisms and