Mini-Overview of Vitamin K (original) (raw)
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Vitamin K : A Micro-Nutrient with New Perspective
International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, 2022
Age-related diseases are becoming more common as people live longer. According to scientific research, a nutritious diet containing beneficial fats, vitamins, minerals, or polyphenols may have antioxidant and antioxidant properties that slow ageing. Studies also show that vitamin K is an essential cofactor in activating many proteins that fight age-related diseases. Vitamin k1 (phylloquinone), which is mainly contained in plants, and vitamin k2 (menaquinone), which is mainly contained in animal foods and dairy products, are both naturally occurring fat-soluble vitamins. Benefits of vitamin K include improved heart disease, bone and cognitive health, and blood clotting. Vitamin K-dependent proteins such as clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X and prothrombin), protein C and protein S, osteocalcin, matrix Gla protein, and periostin support calcium homeostasis and regulate vascular wall mineralization. Inhibits and promotes bone mineralization. Controls and a host of other sequelae. Currently, the demand for vitamin K in health products is increasing. It is found mainly in dairy and meat products, vegetable oils, and green leafy vegetables. Adults need approximately 1 µg of vitamin K per kg of body weight. Vitamin K is popular because it deposits less, needs replenishment, and is difficult to absorb. This review seeks to synthesize information on the origin, metabolism of many forms of vitamin K, deficiency, recommended dietary intake, toxicity, and the role of vitamin K in preventing various therapeutic disorders.
New Perspectives for the Nutritional Value of Vitamin K in Human Health
Journal of Nutritional Disorders & Therapy, 2016
Vitamin K is an essential micronutrient in the post-translational modification of specific glutamic acid residues (Glu) into γ-carboxyglutamic acid residues (Gla) in target proteins known as vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs). In healthy conditions of sufficient vitamin K status, a vitamin K recycling system maintains sufficient vitamin K levels for proper γ-carboxylation of VKDPs, and vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) widely used as anticoagulants inhibit vitamin K recycling. Besides its well-known function in the maintenance of normal coagulation, vitamin K has been reported to have other diverse physiological functions with impact in human health. In extra-hepatic tissues vitamin K deficiency results in impairment of VKDPs γ-carboxylation with important implications in bone and cardiovascular health. Although most of the vitamin K effects have been associated with regulation of mineralization in connective tissues through the action of matrix Gla protein (MGP) and osteocalcin (OC), the discovery of Gla-rich protein (GRP) opens new perspectives on the potential therapeutic range of vitamin K.
Vitamin K: Nutrition, Metabolism and Current Evidence from Clinical Trials
2018
During the past decades evidence that vitamin K is involved in areas extending far beyond hemostasis has accumulated. Several mechanisms of action involving both direct interaction via receptors such as the steroid and xenobiotic receptor and indirect via post-translational activation of Gla proteins have been proposed. The metabolism of vitamin K is complex and has large interspecies variation. Also, the vitamin K content in various foods and the recommended daily intake are not clearly specified. Notwithstanding, several clinical trials evaluating the effect of different vitamin K species on cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, metabolic disease and cancer are ongoing or recently completed. The review attempts to summarize the source and metabolism of different forms of vitamin K, as well as give an overview of the current evidence from clinical trials.
Assessment of Dietary Intake of Vitamin K and Maximum Limits for Vitamin K in Food Supplements
European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety, 2019
The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø, VKM) has, at the request of the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (Mattilsynet; NFSA), evaluated the intake of vitamin K in the diet. VKM has also assessed the consequences of establishing maximum limits for vitamin K in food supplements at 100, 200, 300, 600 or 800 µg/day. The former maximum limit for vitamin K of 200 µg/day in food supplements was repealed 30 May 2017. Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin required for the carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in proteins that regulate blood coagulation and bone metabolism. The naturally occurring forms of vitamin K present in food and supplements are phylloquinone (vitamin K1) mainly produced by plants, and a range of menaquinones (vitamin K2) mainly produced by bacteria. The chemical structure of vitamin K is characterised by a methylated naphtoquinone ring structure assumed to be responsible for its function, in addition to a side cha...
Vitamins K1 and K2: The Emerging Group of Vitamins Required for Human Health
Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism
Objective. To review the evidence for the use of vitamin K supplementation in clinical conditions such as osteoporosis, vascular calcification, arthritis, cancer, renal calculi, diabetes, and warfarin therapy.Quality of Evidence. PubMed was searched for articles on vitamin K (K1 and K2) along with books and conference proceedings and health conditions listed above. Level I and II evidence supports the use of vitamins K1 and K2 in osteoporosis and Level II evidence supports vitamin K2 in prevention of coronary calcification and cardiovascular disease. Evidence is insufficient for use in diabetes, arthritis, renal calculi, and cancer.Main Message.Vitamin K2 may be a useful adjunct for the treatment of osteoporosis, along with vitamin D and calcium, rivaling bisphosphonate therapy without toxicity. It may also significantly reduce morbidity and mortality in cardiovascular health by reducing vascular calcification. Vitamin K2 appears promising in the areas of diabetes, cancer, and osteo...
Vitamin K nutrition, metabolism, and requirements: current concepts and future research
Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 2012
In 2001, the US Food and Nutrition Board concluded that there were insufficient data with which to establish a RDA for vitamin K, in large part because of a lack of robust endpoints that reflected adequacy of intake. Knowledge of the relative bioavailability of multiple vitamin K forms was also poor. Since then, stable isotope methodologies have been applied to the assessment of the bioavailability of the major dietary form of vitamin K in its free state and when incorporated into a plant matrix. There is a need for stable isotope studies with enhanced sensitivity to expand knowledge of the bioavailability, absorption, disposition, and metabolism of different molecular forms of vitamin K. Another area for future research stems from evidence that common polymorphisms or haplotypes in certain key genes implicated in vitamin K metabolism might affect nutritional requirements. Thus far, much of this evidence is indirect via effects on warfarin dose requirements. In terms of clinical end...
SciDoc Publishers, 2021
Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), K2 (menaquinone), and K3 (phylloquinone) are the three types of vitamin K. (menadione). Vitamin K2 is found in both tissue and bacterial products (animal products or fermented foods). Vitamin k2 has nine chemical variations, with the number of isoprenyl units in their side chains determining the majority of them. The most frequent form of vitamin k2 in the human diet is the short chain, water soluble menatetrenone, which is generated by bacterial conversion of vitamin k1, as well as a tissue derivative (MK-4).MK-7, MK-8, and MK-9 are long-chain menaquinones (longer than MK-4) that are more prevalent in fermented foods like natto, a traditional Japanese meal prepared from soya beans fermented with bacillus subtilis var. Anaerobic bacteria in the colon create longer-chain menaquinones (MK-10 to MK-13), but they are poorly absorbed and have minimal physiological impact at this level. The effects of vitamin K2 on overall dentistry are the topic of this review.
Vitamin K and The Immune System
Ahmad Dahlan Medical Journal
Vitamin K is a vitamin fat-soluble with the main function as an anticoagulant. The active form of vitamin K can be divided into two categories, namely vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) can be found in photosynthetic plants and vitamin K2 (menaquinone) comes from bacteria, source in foods we can found this in fermented foods like natto or soybean product which fermented by Bacillus natto. This literature review was conducted through searching in database like PubMed, and Elsevier using keywords like vitamin K, Immune system, and inflammation. The role of vitamin K in physiological functions is well known worldwide, such as blood coagulation, bone metabolism, and regulation of several types of enzymes. Apart from this role, vitamin K also acts as a cofactor in several plasma proteins, so this vitamin can influence immune responses. Recent studies have found vitamin K links to inflammatory diseases. Vitamin K also induced autophagy pathway. However, information regarding the role of vitamin K...
Vitamin K plasma levels determination in human health
Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM), 2016
Vitamin K (phylloquinone or vitamin K 1 and menaquinones or vitamin K 2) plays an important role as a cofactor in the synthesis of hepatic blood coagulation proteins, but recently has also aroused an increasing interest for its action in extra-hepatic tissues, in particular in the regulation of bone and vascular metabolism. The accurate measurement of vitamin K status in humans is still a critical issue. Along with indirect assays, such as the undercarboxylated fractions of vitamin K-dependent proteins [prothrombin, osteocalcin (OC), and matrix gla protein], the direct analysis of blood levels of phylloquinone and menaquinones forms might be considered a more informative and direct method for assessing vitamin K status. Different methods for direct quantification of vitamin K serum levels are available. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods coupled with post-column reduction procedures and fluorimetric or electrochemical detection are commonly used for food and blood analysis of phylloquinone, but they show some limitations when applied to the analysis of serum menaquinones because of interferences from triglycerides. Recent advancements include liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS) detection, which assures higher specificity. The optimization and standardization of these methods requires specialized laboratories. The variability of results observed in the available studies suggests the need for further investigations to obtain more accurate analytical results.