Assessment of Battery–Supercapacitor Topologies of an Electric Vehicle under Real Driving Conditions (original) (raw)
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The current worldwide energy directives are oriented toward reducing energy consumption and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. The exponential increase in the production of electrified vehicles in the last decade are an important part of meeting global goals on the climate change. However, while no greenhouse gas emissions directly come from the operations of the electrical vehicles, the electrical vehicle production process results in much higher energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions than in the case of a classical internal combustion vehicle; thus, to reduce the environment impact of electrified vehicles, they should be used for as long as possible. Using only batteries for electric vehicles can lead to a shorter battery life for certain applications, such as in the case of those with many stops and starts but not only in these cases. To increase the lifespan of the batteries, couplings between the batteries and the supercapacitors for the new electrical vehicles in the ...
Battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system used in Electric Vehicle
2013 International Conference on Energy Efficient Technologies for Sustainability, 2013
The hybrid energy storage system (HESS), which combines the functionalities of supercapacitors (SCs) and batteries, has been widely studied to extend the batteries' lifespan. The battery degradation cost and the electricity cost should be simultaneously considered in the HESS optimization. However, the continuous decline in the price of lithium batteries may weaken the effectiveness of HESS, as the battery degradation cost becomes less important. This paper analyzes the influence of different temperatures and battery prices on the integrated optimization of HESS, including the optimization of SC size and energy management strategy (EMS) for electric vehicle (EV) applications. Based on an average temperature, the HESS performance is examined considering a wide range of battery prices (from 143/kWhin2028to143/kWh in 2028 to 143/kWhin2028to257/kWh in 2018). Simulation results show that both the SC sizing and EMS optimization results are robust to the temperature and the battery price. In addition, the total cost of HESS for customers is shown to be 12% less than a battery energy storage system, even at low battery prices. The HESS is therefore validated to be effective in EV applications in the near future.
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Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESS) used for Electric Vehicles (EV) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) are capable for achieving superior storage performances to that of any of its single storage components. This paper presents the design of an HESS that enables for the desired performance characteristics of an HEV in terms of power and energy requirements. The HESS is composed with Lithium-ion battery and super-capacitors packs. Each single storage element is connected via a particular DC/DC power converter to a common DC-link. The design aims to find the optimal parameters of the different devices according to a proposed set of specifications. A comparison between two DC/DC converter topologies interfacing the HESS to the DC link is also performed. The studied topologies concern classic and Three Level (TL) DC/DC boost and buck/boost converters. The obtained results show that the TL converters enables for a reduced cost, weight and volume and allows for the best utilization of ba...
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Journal of Power Sources, 2018
The impact of the HESS system on overall efficiency of the EVs is discussed. • The importance of the design and configuration of the HESS is reviewed in detail. • The effect of ambient temperature on system performance is discussed. • The significance of the EMS on system performance is discussed.
SAE Technical Paper Series, 2014
Supercapacitors, more properly named electrochemical capacitors (EC), have a great potential in constituting the premium power reserve in a variety of energy-and power-intensive applications in transport and in electricity grids. EC may be used in conjunction with electrochemical storage systems, such as the batteries of various chemistries (lead-acid, sodium-nickel chloride or sodium-sulphur, nickel-metal hydride and even lithiumbased systems), in a hybrid configuration where the functions of energy and power can be conveniently separated between the two storage devices and then optimized. Recently, an electric forklift has been commercialized with such a hybrid storage system, without any demonstrated specification of the advantages achievable with this configuration. In this article, the effective technical and economical benefits of this EC integration are theoretically and experimentally evaluated, by means of a conventional electric forklift. The reference vehicle drivetrain is modified by combining a conventional traction lead-acid battery, already used in the vehicle, and a commercial EC. The performances of the modified electric forklift are simulated with already developed vehicle and components models and validated with experimental data. Simulations and electrical tests confirm the functional relationship, expressed in exponential form, between battery lifetime and peak current and demonstrate the technical and economical potentialities of the use of these hybrid configurations, such as the increased efficiency and the prolonged battery life (more than doubling the life of the battery without EC), due to the reduced battery operating stress, and an economical saving (about 30 %), able to compensate initial extra-costs for vehicle modification and battery replacement.
2008
The acceptance of Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicle is related to their eco-efficiency, i.e. their ability to both reduce environmental impact while also providing a sufficient user satisfaction. The objective of this study is to provide a rationale design tool based on a multidisciplinary optimization approach to support the design of hybrid electric powertrain to simultaneously maximize user satisfaction complex criteria and minimize the Eco-score. In order to carry out the optimization problem efficiently the approach makes use of metamodeling techniques in order to save computation time in the optimization process that is driven by a Genetic Algorithm. The approach is applied to highlight the effect of different energy storage systems (batteries v.s. ultra capacitors) upon the optimized HEV design taking care of both Eco-score and User satisfaction. In the selected application that is a heavy urban bus with a mild hydrid electric powertrain, the ultra capacitors are slightly superior to NiMH batteries when emphasizing the Ecoscore criterion.
IECON 2011 - 37th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2011
In the case of conventional and hybrid vehicles, the research departments of automotive companies' use standardized driving cycles to estimate fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, for electric vehicles the main objective is the improvement of the vehicle performances such as the autonomy, the maximum speed, acceleration…, to reach those of conventional vehicles. For this study, the ARTEMIS and the New European Drive cycle (NEDC) are selected to size the hybrid source (battery-supercapacitor) which propels the vehicle. Two sizing strategies are used, for the first the battery is sized to ensure the maximum discharge power required for each cycle, while for the second strategy, the battery is just used like an energy tank and it are sized to ensure the energy needed for 120km of autonomy. For the two strategies, the supercapacitor because of its high specific power is used like booster with battery. The results of the sizing are analyzed to focus the effect of the driving cycle on the size of the hybrid source supplying the electric vehicle. I.
Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, 2022
Recent research findings indicate that the nonmonotonic consumption of energy from lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries results in a higher heat generation in electrical energy storage systems. During peak demands, a higher heat generation due to high discharging current increases the temperature from 80°C to 120°C, thereby resulting in thermal runaway. To address peak demands, an additional electrical energy storage component, namely supercapacitor (SC), is being investigated by various research groups. This paper provides insights into the capability of SCs in lightweight electric vehicles (EVs) to address peak demands using the worldwide harmonized light-duty driving test cycle (WLTC) driving profile in MATLAB/Simulink at different ambient temperatures. Simulation results indicate that temperature imposes a more prominent effect on Li-ion batteries compared with SCs under peak demand conditions. The effect of the discharging rate limit on the Li-ion battery current is studied. The result shows that SCs can accommodate the peak demands for a low discharging current limit on the battery, thereby reducing heat generation. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry are performed on SCs to analyze their thermal performance at different temperatures ranging from 0°C to 75°C under different bias values of-0.6, 0, 0.6, and 1 V，respectively. The results indicate a higher specific capacitance of the SC at an optimum operation temperature of 25°C for the studied bias. This study shows that the hybrid combination of the Li-ion battery and SC for a lightweight EV can address peak demands by reducing thermal stress on the Li-ion battery and increasing the driving range.
Hybrid battery-supercapacitor storage system for electric city cars
The paper is concerned with the use of hybrid battery-supercapacitor storage systems to extend the range of electric vehicles. For the study case of an electric city car, the paper calculates the relationship between the range of the city car over the ECE 15 cycle and the size of the supercapacitor bank. For this purpose, current drawn by the traction system is determined and the current pulses are supposed to be delivered by the supercapacitor bank to different extents. The range is then calculated by processing the battery current by means of an appropriate battery model.
Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 2020
A hybrid electrical energy storage system (EESS) consisting of supercapacitor (SC) in combination with lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery has been studied through theoretical simulation and experiments to address thermal runaway in an electric vehicle. In theoretical simulation, the working temperature of Li-ion battery and SC has been varied from 0 to 75 °C in steps of 25 °C and the effect of the variation is observed on the output current, voltage and power of Li-ion battery and SC for a calculated load using the standard driving cycle. Further, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) have been performed to investigate the effect of temperature on SC. EIS measurements of SC indicate a low equivalent series resistance of 0.095 Ω at 25 °C. CV measurements indicate a high value of capacitance of 56.65 F/g at 25 °C for a scan rate of 5 mV s −1. Through theoretical simulation of EESS, a temperature increase (ΔT) of 0.41 °C is calculated considering an initial peak of 10-s duration for the case of EESS without SC, whereas the use of SC reduces ΔT to 0.025 °C. Further, optimal size calculation for hybrid EESS is done to achieve the least cost, wherein Li-ion battery capacity has been varied from 0 to 200 Ah and the SC capacity has been varied from 0 to 5 F in MATLAB simulation. The optimal combination is obtained as 30 Ah capacity of Li-ion battery and 3 F capacity of SC by connecting load across hybrid EESS for a duration of 3600 s.