Identification of Deoxynivalenol and Degradation Products during Maize Germ Oil Refining Process (original) (raw)
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Food Control, 2012
Fifty samples consisted of 24 maize kernels and 26 maize based-food products from retail market in Yogyakarta, Indonesia were analysed for deoxynivalenol (DON) using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with ultraviolet detection after immunoaffinity column (IAC) clean-up process. Prior to use, performance of the analytical method was evaluated in term of recovery, repeatability, and detection limit. The recoveries of DON in spiked samples (50e360 mg DON/kg sample) were obtained in a range of 70.9e97.3% with relative standard deviation (RSD) for repeatability within a day less than 16%. Limit of detection based on the response ratio of signal to noise (3/1) was noted being 20 mg DON/kg sample. All analysed samples contained DON ranging between 47 and 348 mg/kg with median and means of 111.0 and 124.6 mg/kg, respectively. The contamination of DON in the studied samples may not be taken into account as hazard for human and animal health since the concentrations were lower than maximum limit of DON contamination in foodstuffs (500 mg/kg) established by European Commission (2006).
Natural Deoxynivalenol Contamination of Corn Produced in Golestan and Moqan Areas in Iran
2010
Deoxynivalenol contamination was determined in corn produced in Golestan and Ardabil (Moqan) Provinces, Iran, in 2004-2005. Samples were collected from different stages of production, including before harvest, at harvest, post harvest as well as after drying. Ground sub samples were extracted with water; each extracted sample was cleaned up through an immunoaffinity column. Deoxynivalenol was estimated through reversed-phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The linearity of standard curve for 50 -10,000 ng ml -1 of standard solutions was proved (R 2 = 0.9999). Detection limit was 10 ng g -1 . Recovery of the method for 1,000 and 500 ng g -1 spiked samples was 73.5% and 93.5% (n= 5). Deoxynivalenol contamination was found in 76.7% of samples in the range of 54.4-518.4 ng g -1 . The mean of contamination was 116.25 ng g -1 . This is the first report of natural DON contamination of corn from Iran.
Mycotoxins in fuel ethanol co-products derived from maize: a mass balance for deoxynivalenol
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2009
BACKGROUND: Three matrices-corn (maize) meal, distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and condensed distiller's solubles (CDS)-were sampled in sequence from a continuous dry-milling process plant for the determination of mass balance of deoxynivalenol (DON). Four commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were evaluated for their ability to measure the presence of DON. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was used as standard method to detect DON and other Fusarium toxins. RESULTS: The concentrations of DON in DDGS and especially CDS were overestimated or underestimated by ELISA. However, for both matrices, all ELISA methods were not significantly different in their mean results from the LC/MS/MS standard, although the variability in results was much higher. DON concentrations in the CDS and the final DDGS co-product were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.01) than in the starting material (corn grain). Toxin concentration increased by a factor of 3 on a dry weight basis in DDGS compared with the starting corn and by a factor of 4 in CDS. Mean concentration of DON in CDS was four times higher (7.11 mg kg −1) than in corn grains (1.80 mg kg −1) and 1.4 times higher than in DDGS (5.24 mg kg −1). Mass balance calculations showed that CDS was the main source of contamination of DON, comprising ca 70% of the toxin found in the final product (DDGS). Most DON (87%) was accounted for by this analysis. CONCLUSION: Concentrations in the grain corn entering ethanol plants should be close to the dietary values recommended for swine in Canada and the USA for DON (1 mg kg −1). Small amounts of acetyldeoxynivalenol and DON glucoside were also found in the three matrices along with a small amount of zearalenone. Unlike the situation for DON, the DON glucoside was not concentrated into DDGS and CDS, indicating that it was hydrolysed during the fermentation process.
Superheated steam reduction of deoxynivalenol in naturally contaminated wheat kernels
Food Control, 2006
Contamination of wheat with the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is a concern to the ethanol industry as it is stable during most processing operations and will be concentrated in the spent grains, which are potentially a valuable feedstock. Superheated steam at four processing temperatures (110, 135, 160, and 185°C), three steam velocities (0.65, 1.3, and 1.5 m/s), and processing times of 2-15 min were used to treat wheat kernels naturally contaminated with DON to find the best processing parameters for the reduction of DON. A commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit was used to determine DON levels in the wheat samples. Samples became increasingly toasted, displaying a brown color with increasing processing temperatures and times, and became friable after processing at temperatures of 160 and 185°C. Only samples processed at 185°C and 1.3 m/s exhibited any starch gelatinization. Significant (P < 0.05) reductions in DON levels were seen at 160 and 185°C but were not generally seen at 110 and 135°C and the effect of velocity was not significant (P > 0.05). Reductions of up to 52% were achieved at 185°C and 6 min processing time and were due only to thermal degradation and not to solubilization and extraction.
Toxins, 2021
This study investigated the natural incidence of deoxynivalenol (DON) in corn and corn products from corn-producing districts of Punjab, Pakistan. The analysis was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detector and immunoaffinity cleanup columns. The detection limit (LOD) and limit of quantification were 25 and 50 µg/kg, respectively. A total of 1220 samples of corn and corn products were analyzed to detect DON, and 539 (44.2%) samples were observed to be contaminated with DON (n ≥ LOD). Furthermore, 92 (7.5%) samples of corn and corn products had DON levels that were higher than the proposed limits of the EU. The data are significantly different from a normal distribution of DON in samples of corn and corn products from different locations (p < 0.05) for Shapiro–Wilk and Kolmogorov–Smirnov values. However, a significant difference in DON levels was found between corn and corn-derived products (p ≤ 0.05). The lowest and highest exposures, and haz...
Toxins, 2021
The Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common contaminant of cereals and is often co-occurring with its modified forms DON-3-glucoside (D3G), 3-acetyl-DON (3ADON) or 15-acetyl-DON (15ADON). A stable-isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based method for their determination in cereals was developed and validated for maize. Therefore, 13C-labelled D3G was enzymatically produced using 13C-DON and [13C6Glc]-sucrose and used as an internal standard (IS) for D3G, while uniformly 13C labelled IS was used for the other mycotoxins. Baseline separation was achieved for the critical peak pair DON/D3G, while 3ADON/15ADON could not be fully baseline separated after testing various reversed phase, fluorinated phase and chiral LC columns. After grinding, weighing and extracting the cereal samples, the raw extract was centrifuged and a mixture of the four 13C-labelled ISs was added directly in a microinsert vial. The subsequent analytical run took 7 mi...
Effects and Changes of Zearalenone and Fumonisin Contamination in Corn-Based Bioethanol Process
Hungarian Journal of Industrial Chemistry, 2011
Bioethanol production is a growing industry nowadays. In this work dry-grind ethanol production was carried out from different corn samples (uncontaminated; zearalenone; fumonisin B1+B2 contaminated) and the changes of the ratio of the solid-liquid phase as well as toxin concentrations were examined in laboratory scale. The ethanol yields of mycotoxin-contaminated corn-mashes were 27% lower,due to 10% less produced glucose-concentrations from these raw materials,compared to uncontaminated ones. By the end of the whole process, the initial 20% solid content was reduced below 7% both in contaminated and uncontaminated corn-mashes. Differences were observed in the concentration changes of examined toxins. Zearalenone was localized in the solid phase, and its concentrations did not alter during the ethanol production process. Fumonisin concentration increased 3 times at the end of the process, and it dissolved in the liquid phase in significant amount.
Contamination of maize with deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in Croatia
Food Control, 2012
This study of incidence of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) was performed on the maize (Zea mays) harvested in Croatia after a growth period characterized with extremely high rainfall and low temperatures. A total of 40 maize samples were collected during harvesting in October 2010 at different maize fields located in the north, central and eastern part of Croatia. Determination of DON and ZEA concentrations was done by simultaneous use of two methods, ELISA/TLC and ELISA/HPLC, for DON and ZEA, respectively. The DON was detected in 85% samples with the maximum concentration of 17.92 mg/ kg, while ZEA was detected in 87.5% samples with the maximum concentration of 5.11 mg/kg. Detected high concentrations of DON and ZEA in our research could be explained with the high humidity and significantly low temperatures in the period of growth that might have lead to increased contamination of maize with Fusarium moulds and production of its secondary metabolites.
Deoxynivalenol occurrence in Serbian maize under different weather conditions
Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, 2017
The aim of this paper was to investigate deoxynivalenol (DON) occurrence in maize samples originating from two harvest seasons in Serbia. The key differences between harvest seasons were weather conditions, specifically the humidity. The samples were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography with DAD detection, after clean-up on SPE columns. In samples from 2014, DON was found in 82 (100.0%) samples with the average content of 2.517 mg/kg (ranged from 0.368 to 11.343 mg/kg). Two samples exceeded maximum level permitted by EU regulations. However, analyzing larger number of samples (163) from 2015 harvest season, DON was present in 51 (31.3%) samples in significantly lower concentrations (average of 0.662 mg/kg, ranged from 0.106 to 2.628 mg/kg). None of the samples from 2015 exceeded maximum level permitted by EU regulations. The data on DON presence in Serbian maize were in relation to the different weather conditions that prevailed during the two harvest seasons.