FACTOR ASSOCIATED WITH WINTER INJURY TO APPLE TREES (original) (raw)
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Cultural and Environmental Factors Associated with Winter Injury to Apple in Northern Eastern Canada
A survey was conducted in 1995/1996 to identify factors responsible for apple tree mortality in Quebec during the winter of 1993/ 1994. ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Wealthy’, ‘Mutsu’, ‘Red Delicious’, ‘Golden Russet’ and ‘Yellow Transparent’ were severely injured or killed in all regions, the mortality of other cultivars was mainly affected by certain combinations of cultural and environmental factors. Generally, percent mortality was lower at higher altitudes and in orchards with sufficient snow cover and low density trees. Higher mortality was observed for very young or very old trees, specifically those that had a heavy crop in the previous year or were exposed to wind. Vigorous trees were more susceptible to winter injury than trees of moderate vigor. Less mortality was observed with trees that had been harvested early in the season. Trees on dwarf rootstocks planted in sandy soil, sandy loam, gravel loam, or any soil in combination with sandy or gravel soil type were more susceptible to winter damage. The orchard site and the location of trees in each orchard were the most important factors that affected apple tree mortality. The maximum tree mortality was observed for trees that were exposed to cold air accumulation or in orchards where the flow of Shahrokh Khanizadeh is Research Scientist, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Horticultural Research and Development Centre, 430 Gouin Boulevard, Saint-Jeansur- Richelieu, Quebec, J3B 3E6, Canada (E-mail: khanizadehs@agr.gc.ca). The author wish to acknowledge the joint collaboration of Fédération des Producteurs de Pommes du Québec (F.P.P.Q.) and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Horticultural Research and Development Center (HRDC) and the funds provided by the two parties. Special thanks and acknowledgements go to all apple growers who participated in this project and spent hours answering the questionnaire. International Journal of Fruit Science, Vol. 7(2) 2007 Available online at http://ijfs.haworthpress.com © 2007 by The Haworth Press. All rights reserved. doi:10.1300/J492v07n02_07 85 cold air was prevented due to obstructions like a natural windbreaks or land topography. The least damage was observed in orchards planted on a slight slope. The absence of a river, or a large body of water nearby increased mortality in all regions. Selection of a good site is the most important factor in controlling winter damage. Our results revealed that even the most hardy cultivar and rootstocks combinations can undergo winter damage when they are planted in an unsuitable site. This is particularly critical for dwarf and semi-dwarf rootstocks. doi:10.1300/ J492v07n02_07 [Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-HAWORTH. E-mail address: <docdelivery@haworthpress. com> Website: http://www.HaworthPress.com©2007 by The Haworth Press. All rights reserved.]
245 Apples of Northeastern America
HortScience
One of the major problems affecting apple trees in Eastern Canada is low temperature injury during the winter and spring. Although there have been many studies on the cold hardiness of apple trees, no survey has been done on winter injury in Québec orchards. A survey was conducted in 1995/1996 to identify factors responsible for apple tree mortality during the winter of 1993/1994 in Québec. Three-hundred-thirty (330) apple orchards were visited and information on more than 50 characteristics were evaluated via a questionnaire; including hardiness, end use, shelf-life, etc. A full report is available at http://www.pgris.com. A large diversity of cultivars and rootstocks was observed in the Québec orchards, and thus a database was created containing information for all cultivars evaluated and the collected agronomic characteristics. Some of the more important information, such as hardiness, end use, shelf-life, scab resistance, etc., along with 265 apple images, were put together a...
The Late Spring Frost Hardiness of Some Apple Varieties at Various Stages of Flower Buds
Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 2005
In this study, survival rates of pistils of seven apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) varieties at various stages from tight cluster to full bloom on trees were determined after frost that occurred on the morning at 3:00-8:00 of April 17, 2004 when the temperature dropped to-4 to-6 o C in the orchard. The survival rates of pistils of varieties ranged between 36.7 and 96.5% at tight cluster, 6.2 and 86.0 % at first pink and, 0.2 and 52.0 % at full pink stages after frost injury. 'Starkspur Golden Delicious' (18.0 %), 'Granny Smith' (33.0 %) and 'Canada Reinette' (36.7 %) were the least damaged apple varieties at various flower buds stages from tight cluster to first bloom on trees after frost.
Low Temperature Tolerance of Apple Shoots Following Exposure to Warm Temperatures in Late Winter
HortScience
The goal of this research was to evaluate resistance of apple rootstocks to late winter deacclimation during a 2-day exposure to warm temperatures in Maine. We measured the cold temperature tolerance of xylem, phloem, and cambium from 0 to −40 °C in 1- and 2-year-old shoot pieces from apple rootstock cultivars and advanced selections ‘M.9 T337’ (M.9), ‘M.7 EMLA’ (M.7), ‘Budagovsky 9’ (B.9), ‘Geneva® 41’ (G.41), ‘Geneva 30’ (G.30), ‘Geneva 935’ (G.935), ‘Geneva 814’ (G.814), G.4013, G.5257, and Vineland 6 (V.6) after a 2-day exposure to warm (22 °C) or cold (2 to 4 °C) temperatures. Injury was measured on a 0 to 10 rating scale based on percentage of discolored cross-sectional xylem and phloem, and cambial length and circumference with brown discoloration, with 0 indicating no browning and 10 indicating browning in the entire tissue. Injury was also measured as intensity of browning on a scale of 0 (no browning) to 5 (dark brown to black). The weighted averages of the two ratings wer...
Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 2010
The main limitation to fruit production in the Okanagan Valley is winter injury. Examination of historical records between 1916 and 2006 revealed 16 severe winter-kill events with two occurring in November, eight in December, four in January and two in February. Extreme low minimum temperatures are associated with poor production of grape, peach, apricot, sweet cherry, pear, and apple, and although all are subject to winter injury during most of the 4-mo period, the time when each crop is most at risk differs. Grapes, apples and sweet ...
SJP84 Winter Hardy Dwarfing Apple Rootstocks from Agriculture and Agri-food Canada Breeding Program
Apple production potential in Quebec is between 5.5 and 7 million bushels per annum. In 1986 and 1987 there were severe low temperature injuries, and yields were reduced to 2.83 million bushels and 4.0 million bushels, respectively, in Quebec. This represents a loss of approximately 18millionin1986and18 million in 1986 and 18millionin1986and12 million in 1987 and a concomitant increase in the volume of apples imported to the province. In 1993-1994 similar damage was reported by Quebec apple growers (Khanizadeh et al., 2000a). Cold winter temperature was always one of the most limiting factors in many apple-growing regions, especially in northern central Canada when the winter temperature dropped below -30ºC (Khanizadeh et al., 2000a). Cold tolerance of many plant species has been extensively reviewed and studied (Gusta et al., 1982; Khanizadeh et al., 1989). Our previous studies have compared the content of the amino acids, protein, sugars, starch, sorbitol, N, P and K of cropped and noncropped trees in relation to cold hardiness. It has been shown that cropped trees with lower nutrient levels in their buds are more vulnerable to low temperatures than those on noncropped trees (Khanizadeh et al., 1989, 1992). There have been many studies inc
XXVIII International Horticultural Congress on Science and Horticulture for People (IHC2010): International Symposium on Engineering the Modelling, Monitoring, Mechanization and Automation Tools for Precision Horticulture, 2011
The purpose of this paper is to apply a new simulation model that estimates the phenological dynamics until the end of blossoming and the occurrence probability of late frost climatic accidents in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) orchards. The probability of damage was calculated as the simultaneous occurrence of a susceptible phenophase and the critical frost temperature. A database of phenological observations was used for calyx red, early blossom and petal fall in apricot ('Umberto', 'C.R. 2-63', 'Sirena', 'Neptun' and 'Selena') orchards over a 24-year period (1985-2008), together with weather data taken over the same period. No statistical differences were recorded between the phenophase onset dates of the five cultivars under surveillance. While the average and maximum temperatures for the February to April interval have increased over the studied 24 years (the average by 0.99°C and the maximum by 1.30°C in 10 years), the minimum has remained almost stationary (only 0.75°C in 10 years, but trend is not statistically assured), the calyx red, the onset and the end of the blooming phenophase have gradually started earlier. Therefore, if 25 years ago the calyx red onset and the of blossoming onset were recorded closed to 7 th and the 12 th of April respectively (for the five studied cultivars), now those phenomena are taking place on 23 rd and the 28 th of March respectively (15 days earlier). Under these circumstances, the probability of damage occurrence by late frosts of all three phenophases, has increased from 1.5% in the intervals 10-20 of March in the 1981-1992 period up to 11.4% between 1-5 of April in the 2001-2008 period.
Scientia Horticulturae, 2019
Through analyzing the problems of the Swiss Cheese Model theory and the Energy Theory, this paper combines the two kinds of theories after modifying them for the first time, and a new concise and practical model which has a simple structure and a clear hierarchy is thus put forward based on safety management practices and some related theories. The model not only eliminates the respective defects of the Swiss Cheese Model and the Energy Theory, but also reveals the internal and external causes of accidents. It especially has unique advantages both in analyzing the causes of accidents and in preventing accidents.
2016
From the climate factors, low temperature is one of the most important abiotic factor limiting growth, productivity and distribution of plants on Earth. The abilities of cold-hardy plants to resist de-acclimation during transient warm spells and to re-acclimate when cold temperatures return are significant for winter survival. The objective of this paper is to identify the episodes of frost stress during the dormancy period of fruit trees in recent years. Also, amid the general stagnation temperatures of winter, we want to draw an alarm signal on the negative impacts of climate change in Romanian orchards, manifested by the increased incidence of rapid succession of temperature extremes in the dormancy period, in the year winters 2014-2015 and 2015-2016. To determine the flower bud's damages, the samples of annual braches from the upper and bottom third of the canopy were collected right after the climatic accident by the specialists of the Research Institute for Fruit Growing P...
Tree Physiology, 2012
The freezing pattern and frost killing temperatures of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) xylem were determined by differential thermal analysis and infrared differential thermal analysis (IDTA). Results from detached or attached twigs in controlled freezing experiments and during natural field freezing of trees were compared. Non-lethal freezing of apoplastic water in apple xylem as monitored during natural winter frosts in the field occurred at −1.9 ± 0.4 °C and did not change seasonally. The pattern of whole tree freezing was variable and specific to the environmental conditions. On detached twigs high-temperature freezing exotherms (HTEs) occurred 2.8 K below the temperature observed under natural frosts in the field with a seasonal mean of −4.7 ± 0.5 °C. Microporous apple xylem showed freezing without a specific pattern within a few seconds in IDTA images during HTEs, which is in contrast to macroporous xylem where a 2D freezing pattern mirrors anatomical structures. The pith tissue always remained unfrozen. Increasing twig length increased ice nucleation temperature; for increased twig diameter the effect was not significant. In attached twigs frozen in field portable freezing chambers, HTEs were recorded at a similar mean temperature (−4.6 ± 1.0 °C) to those for detached twigs. Upon lethal intracellular freezing of apple xylem parenchyma cells (XPCs) low-temperature freezing exotherms (LTEs) can be recorded. Low-temperature freezing exotherms determined on detached twigs varied significantly between a winter minimum of −36.9 °C and a summer maximum −12.7 °C. Within the temperature range wherein LTEs were recorded by IDTA in summer (−12.7 ± 0.5 to −20.3 ± 1.1 °C) various tiny clearly separated discontinuous freezing events could be detected similar to that in other species with contrasting XPC anatomy. These freezing events appeared to be initially located in the primary and only later in the secondary xylem. During the LTE no freezing events in the bark and central pith tissue were recorded. Attached twigs were exposed to various freezing temperatures at which LTEs occur. Even if 60% of XPCs were frost-damaged twigs were able to recuperate and showed full re-growth indicating a high regeneration capacity even after severe frost damage to XPCs.