Adolescent Population: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Implications of a New Definition of Vitamin D Deficiency in a Multiracial US (original) (raw)
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PEDIATRICS, 2009
The authors have indicated they have no financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose. What's Known on This Subject Vitamin D is necessary for bone mineralization and the prevention of rickets. In adults, vitamin D deficiency has been linked to many chronic diseases. The prevalence of deficiency is estimated to range from 15% to 80% depending on the population and how deficiency is defined. What This Study Adds Using a large nationally representative data set, we estimated the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in adolescents. In addition, we estimated the risk of deficiency by race/ ethnicity, gender, age, and weight after adjustment for sociodemographic and regional factors.
Vitamin D status in a sample population representing urban youth
Innovative publication, 2016
Background: Vitamin D deficiency is clinically silent and affected individuals are at high risk for the consequences of unrecognized and untreated hypovitaminosis D.The cut off value to define low vitamin D status remains controversial. The objective of this study is to assess and interpret the vitamin D status based on the two different ‘cut off ‘recommended by US Endocrine society and Institute of Medicine(IOM) respectively in a sample population of young adults in urban area. Methodology: Fifty five apparently healthy young adults of 18 to 23 years age group were recruited in this study and their 25 hydroxycholecalciferol(25OHD), serum calcium, serum phosphorus and serum alkaline phosphatase levels were estimated. The study subjects were asked to furnish information regarding their dietary habits, lifestyle and daily sun exposure duration. Result: The mean±standard deviation(SD) value of vitamin Dfor the whole group in our study is11.03±4.96 ng/ml. Based on US Endocrine society classification, 94.54% of the subjects had vitamin D deficiency (VDD), 5.45% had vitamin D insufficiency and none were vitamin D sufficient. IOM classification based distribution showed that 78.18% had VDD, 16.4% had sub optimal levels and 5.45% of the whole group had optimum D levels. Conclusion: Based on our findings, we conclude that reference ranges to define vitamin D levels should be established for our population. Also Government should take initiative to bring awareness among the public about vitamin D supplementation and food fortification as a preventive measure against hypovitaminosis D epidemic.
Vitamin D deficiency in adolescents
Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2014
In general, a serum 25(OH) D at concentration less than 25 nmol/L (10 ng/mL) is a useful marker of the risk of clinical defi ciency, but the terminology and cutoffs used to defi ne less than desirable vitamin D status is controversial. It includes terms such as insuffi ciency, inadequate level, defi ciency (VDD) and hypovitaminosis D and may result in subclinical conditions with chronic latent manifestations, the most recognized of which is osteoporosis. The 25(OH) D cutoffs to defi ne this condition vary and have recently been defi ned as desirable level at 20 ng/ml (50 nmol/L), and the Endocrine Society Guidelines set at 30 ng/ml (75 nmol/L). [1,2] PREVALENCE OF VDD IN ADOLESCENTS WORLDWIDE Adequate vitamin D status is essential for active calcium absorption in the gut and for bone development and remodeling. While bone disease secondary to VDD (rickets and osteomalcia) is almost eradicated in western populations, its prevalence remains unacceptably high in Asia, Africa and the Middle-east. [3,4] In a review conducted
Vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents; an international challenge
2014
Low vitamin D level is an important international public health problem. Vitamin D deficiency and its consequences among children and adolescents could indeed be considered as one of the most important public health problems. In fact, low vitamin D levels were reported in both children and adolescents. Several reasons could be taken into account in this regard such as the possibility of the reduced intake or synthesis of vitamin D (due to having a vitamin D deficient mother or a dark skin color), abnormal intestinal function or malabsorption (in small-bowel disorders), or reduced synthesis or increased degradation of vitamin D (in chronic liver or renal disease). More importantly, many countries in developing world, are experiencing a substantial percentage of adolescent and youth population with their own health related problems which vitamin D deficiency could affect on their health. The association between obesity and overweighting and vitamin D deficiency has been reported by ma...
Low Vitamin D Status in a Representative Sample of Youth From Quebec, Canada
Clinical Chemistry, 2008
BACKGROUND: Adequate vitamin D status is important for bone growth and mineralization and has been implicated in the regulation of autoimmunity, metabolic function, and cancer prevention. There are no reports of population-based studies on the vitamin D status of Canadian youth, a population with mandatory fortification of foods.
Vitamin D Deficiency in Children and Adolescents
Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology, 2012
Ori gi nal Ar tic le 2 5 In tro duc ti on Vitamin D deficiency is an important public health problem in both developed and developing countries, with a reported worldwide prevalence of 30-80% in children and adults (1,2,3). The role of vitamin D in bone mineralization is well-documented. However, only recently, numerous studies have reported a link between vitamin D deficiency and several chronic disorders such as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), cardiovascular disease (CVD) and several malignancies (4,5,6,7,8). These recent findings have led to greater emphasis on treatment of vitamin D deficiency and/or vitamin D supplementation. Prevalence studies on vitamin D deficiency and/or insufficiency in the Turkish population, especially among prepubertal children over 3 years of age, are relatively scarce (9). The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of deficiency and insufficiency of vitamin D in a sample of Turkish children and adolescents and to investigate the factors associated with low vitamin D status. Methods This study was undertaken by the Fatih University Pediatrics Department and conducted in the University hospital, situated in Ankara, Turkey. We retrospectively reviewed the records of a total of 440 children and adolescents aged between 0 and 16 years who had presented to the outpatient clinic between January 2008 and January 2010. All patients were subjected to a careful physical examination. Weights were measured using a calibrated digital scale. Height measurements were done in ABS TRACT Ob jec ti ve: Vitamin D deficiency is an important health problem in both developed and developing countries. Recent reports on the extraskeletal effects of vitamin D have led to increased interest in prevalence studies on states of deficiency/insufficiency of vitamin D. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in children and adolescents residing in Ankara, Turkey and to investigate the factors associated with low vitamin D status. Methods: A total of 440 children and adolescents aged between 0 and 16 years were enrolled in this study. The subjects were divided into three groups according to their vitamin D status (deficiency ≤15 ng/mL; insufficiency: 15-20 ng/mL; sufficiency ≥20 ng/mL) and also according to their age (preschool<5 years; middle childhood: 5-10 years; adolescence: 11-16 years). Results: Overall, 40% of the subjects were found to have 25 hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] levels of less than 20 ng/mL. The levels indicated a deficiency state in 110 subjects (25%) and insufficiency-in 66 (15%). The rate of vitamin D deficiency was higher in girls, regardless of age. 25(OH)D levels correlated negatively with age (r=-0.48, p<0.001), body mass index (BMI) (r=-0.20, p=0.001) and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) level (r=-0.31, p=0.001). A positive correlation was observed between 25(OH)D and serum ferritin levels (r=0.15, p=0.004). Conclusions: The high frequency of vitamin D deficiency in childhood (especially among adolescent girls) indicates a need for supplementation and nutritional support.
Demographic, dietary, and biochemical determinants of vitamin D status in inner-city children1,2
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2012
Background: Reports of clinical rickets are particularly evident in minority infants and children, but only limited analyses of vitamin D are available in this demographic group. Objective: We sought to characterize circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH) 2 D], and their determinants, including circulating parathyroid hormone (PTH), total alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), calcium, and phosphorus, in minority infants and children. Design: We obtained demographic information and blood samples for measurement of PTH, ALP, 25(OH)D, and 1,25(OH) 2 D in .750 6-mo-to 3-y-old children. Dietary intake data were obtained and analyzed. Results: The mean (6SD) 25(OH)D concentration was 66 6 22 nmol/L (26.3 6 8.7 ng/dL). A total of 15% of children had 25(OH)D concentrations less than the recommended target threshold of 50 nmol/L. Combined elevations of PTH and ALP occurred in only 2.5% of children. Determinants of 25(OH)D included vitamin D intake, age (decreasing with age), skin type (greater concentrations in lighter-skinned children than in darker-skinned children), formula use (higher intakes), season (greater concentrations in the summer and fall than in the winter and spring), and, inversely, PTH. The mean 1,25(OH) 2 D concentration was 158 6 58 pmol/L (60.6 6 22.5 pg/mL), which was consistent with a reference range of 41-274 pmol/L or 15.7-105.5 pg/mL. Determinants for 1,25(OH) 2 D were age (decreasing with age), sex (greater concentrations in girls than in boys), skin type (greater concentrations in lighter-skinned children than in darker-skinned children), and, inversely, serum calcium and phosphorus. Conclusions: Although 15% of subjects were vitamin D insufficient, only 2.5% of subjects had elevations of both PTH and ALP. The greater 25(OH)D concentrations observed with formula use confirm that dietary vitamin D fortification is effective in this demographic group. Circulating 1,25(OH) 2 D is higher in infants than in older children and adults and, in contrast to 25(OH)D, is not directly correlated with nutrient intakes.
International Journal of Endocrinology, 2010
Vitamin D deficiency is common in the developing countries and exists in both childhood and adult life. The great importance of Vitamin D is the moderation of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) homeostasis as well as the absorption of Ca. While insufficiency of vitamin D is a significant contributing factor to risk of rickets in childhood, it is possible that a more marginal deficiency of vitamin D during life span contribute to osteoporosis as well as potentially to the development and various other chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes. This paper reviews the metabolism, epidemiology, and treatment of vitamin D and calcium insufficiency as well as its relation to various diseases during childhood and adolescence.
Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology
This study looked at risk factors associated with vitamin D levels in the body among a representative sample of adults in the U.S., NHANES III (2001-2006) data were used to assess the relationship between several demographic and health risk factors and vitamin D levels in the body. The Baseline-Category Logit Model was used to test the association between vitamin D level and the potential risk factors age, education, ethnicity, poverty status, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, obesity, diabetes and total cholesterol with both genders. Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency were significantly associated with age, race, education, physical activity, obesity, diabetes and total cholesterol level for both genders. Almost half of the adults sampled in these data had vitamin D levels lower than the recommended limits, with the highest frequency among the younger groups. Determining an individual's vitamin D level is very difficult without proper clinical testing. Many of those who have low vitamin D levels are unaware. With such a high prevalence of individuals with low vitamin D levels in the U.S. and a better understanding of characteristics associated with these lower levels, increased education and prevention efforts should be focused toward those with higher risk characteristics.