Indole-3 asetik asit’in Pimpla turionellae L., 1758 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) ve Galleria mellonella L., 1758 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)’nın konukçu-parazitoit sisteminde fenoloksidaz ve hemolitik aktivitelerine beslenme yoluyla etkileri (original) (raw)
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Parasitoids can overpower the phenoloxidase (PO) releasing system through several methods such as inhibition of protease activity or by blocking of pattern-recognizing proteins as well as destruction of immunocompetent cells. The depression of PO activity can be the result of the impact of venom components injected by the female of the parasitoid into the haemocoel of the host insect. The wounding and penetration by parasitic wasp lead to the activation of defense reactions in parasitized host insects. An effective innate immune response against parasites in insects is the encapsulation of the invader followed by melanization. The phenoloxidase (PO) cascade takes part in the process of melanization, is an inactive proenzyme proPhenoloxidase (proPO), present in the cuticle and haemolymph of insects. To understand the impact of venom of the ectoparasitic wasp Bracon hebetor (Say.) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) on the immunity of host Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) under natural and artificial envenomation we tested the activity of PO in haemolymph and number of haemocytes with PO activity in haemolymph of the parasitized host larvae. The obtained information was helpful in understanding the insect immune response in host parasitoid relationship, which will ultimately facilitate the development of sustainable plant protection strategies for the control pest insects of Pyralidae and data was analysed statistically.
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), 2019
Investigation of the antioxidant and oxidative effects of dietary indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a plant growth regulator, on pest Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and its endoparasitoid Pimpla turionellae (L.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was aimed in this study. Different doses of dietary IAA (50-10,000 ppm) caused an increase in lipid peroxidation in the hemolymph of the host, G. mellonella (L.) and its endoparasitoid P. turionellae (L.). When compared to the control, higher doses of dietary IAA decreased CAT, SOD and GST enzymes' activities in G. mellonella. At higher IAA doses, the activity of SOD enzyme in the hemolymph of P. turionellae significantly decreased while CAT enzyme activity showed no significant change when compared to the control. Additionally, GST activity in the endoparasitoid larval hemolymph significantly increased at 500 and 1000 ppm IAA doses. These findings indicate that incorporating IAA in the diet of model host G. mellonella larvae leads to oxidative stress and, also negatively affects the survivability of both the host and its endoparasitoid.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology, 2021
The greater wax moth Galleria mellonella L. is a dangerous pest for the apiculture industry in the world. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the insecticidal activity of the auxin plant growth regulator, Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), against G. mellonella and its effect on the growth, development, metamorphosis and morphogenesis of this insect pest. The 3rd instar larvae were force-fed on an artificial diet supplemented with six concentrations, viz., 100, 10.0, 1.0, 0.1, 0.01 & 0.001ppm of IAA. The most important results could be summarized as follows. IAA exhibited the strongest acute toxicity on larvae at the higher two concentrations. At other concentrations, various degrees of toxicity on larvae were found in a dose-dependent course. No pupae or adults were produced at the higher two concentrations. IAA failed to display chronic toxicity on the developed pupae. All emerged adults died at 1.00ppm of IAA but no adult mortality was observed at the three lower concentr...
Belgian Journal of Zoology
The effects of indol-3-acetic acid (IAA) were investigated on biological parameters of Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and its endoparasitoid Pimpla turionellae (Linnaeus 1758) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) reared on hosts treated with 50 to 10,000 ppm of IAA in their diet. Percent fecundity of first generation of G. mellonella females increased by 12% at 50 ppm whereas the most effective decrease, by 33%, was observed at 5,000 ppm. Percent fertility decreased by 20% at 1,000 ppm. All treatments displayed ±5% variations when compared to controls except for a 20% increase in corrected percent sterility at 1,000 ppm. The results did not reveal any considerable effect of IAA on egg hatching, larval and pupal developmental, or adult emergence times. The most striking effect observed was a decline in second generation pupal developmental time by 47% at 1,000 and 10,000 ppm. No dose-wise alterations were observed in adult longevity, weight, size and female sex...
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
The greater wax moth Galleria mellonella is a worldwide insect pest damaging wax combs and feeding on beehive products. The objective of the current study was to investigate the cytopathological impacts of four plant growth regulators (PGRs), viz., indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-butyric acid, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid and 6-benzyladenine, on the circulating hemocytes of last (7 th) instar larvae of G. mellonella. For this purpose, the 3 rd instar larvae were force-fed on diet supplemented with LC50 values of these PGRs (0.24, 0.022, 0.16 & 0.085 ppm, respectively). These larvae were continuously fed on the treated diet throughout the larval stage. The important results could be summarized as follows. Five main types of the freely circulating hemocytes in the haemolymph of larvae had been identified as Prohemocytes (PRs), Plasmatocytes (PLs), Granulocytes (GRs), Spherulocytes (SPs) and Oenocytoids (OEs). Different qualitative disorders of the profile of each circulating hemocyte type were demonstrated in thelast instar larvae, such as destruction of cell nuclei and/or membrane, some extruded cytoplasmic contents, and production of some vacuoles in the cytoplasm. However, some of the tested PGRs failed to exhibit cytopathological impacts on certain hemocytes, since IAA and 6-BA failed to affect PLs, IBA and 6-BA failed to affect GRs, IBA and 6-BA failed to affect SPs and IBA and 6-BA failed to affect OEs. Therefore, IAA and 2,4-D may be recommended to use in the IPM program against G. mellonella
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
The greater wax moth Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is distributed in different parts of the world. Because of the voracious feeding of larvae and their tunnelling behaviour, this pest destructs the honeycomb and other beehive products. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impacts of the plant growth regulators (PGRs), viz., indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-benzyladenine (6-BA), on the important quantitative characters of the larval haemogram, viz., total hemocyte count (THC) and differential hemocyte counts (DHCs). For this purpose, the 3 rd instar larvae were force-fed on diet mixed with LC50 of each PGR (0.24, 0.022, 0.16 & 0.085 ppm, respectively). The haematological investigation was conducted in haemolymph of the 5 th and 7 th (last) instar larvae. The important results could be summarized as follows. Five main types of freely circulating hemocytes in the haemolymph of the 5 th instar and 7 th (last) instar larvae had been identified as Prohemocytes, Plasmatocytes, Granulocytes, Spherulocytes and Oenocytoids. The THC in haemolymph of control larvae slightly decreased with the instar. The feeding of 3 rd instar larvae on diet mixed with IBA, 2,4-D, or 6-BA resulted in increasing THC in haemolymph of 5 th instar larvae. Also, IAA, 2,4-D and 6-BA promoted 7 th instar larvae to produce considerably increasing THC. In contrast, IAA exhibited a slight reducing effect on 5 th instar larvae, since decreasing THC was counted. Also, IBA exerted a suppressing action on larvae to produce normal THC in 7 th instar larvae. The tested PGRs exerted diverse actions on DHCs since no certain trend was detected in the fluctuated hemocyte populations. Moreover, some of the PGRs failed to affect the DHCs of certain hemocyte types. However, the auxin PGR, IAA and IBA, may be effective agents in the IPM program against G. mellonella.
Journal of King Saud University - Science, 2013
Phenoloxidase (PO) activity plays a key role in the innate immune responses of insects, which catalyzes the biosynthesis of quinones and other reactive intermediates to eliminate invading pathogens and parasites. This study was conducted to characterize the biochemical properties of the PO enzyme from the hemocytes of the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Hu¨bner. The maximum activity of PO occurred at pH 6 and at 30°C and it was stable for 12-24 h. The Michaelis-Menten constant (K m ) and the maximal velocity (V max ) were determined as 1.86 mM and 0.35 U/ mg protein, respectively. This is the first report of PO characterization in H. armigera from Iran that provided biochemical optimized conditions for its activity, and with these ongoing studies, our aim will be to develop new strategies for cotton bollworm control using disruptors of the immune system.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1996
The phenoloxidase activity in the hemolymph cell-free fraction from Allogamus auricollis was studied in the presence of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides and Saccharomyces cerevisiae/3-1,3-glucans. The proPO system seems to be strongly activated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The basic activation observed in this model appears not to be affected by the use of protease inhibitors (a 2 macroglobulin, soybean trypsin inhibitor), and, in addition, the LPS-activated proPO system is not inhibited by their presence. Calcium ions at high concentrations inhibit the phenoloxidase activity, and EDTA chelation strongly enhances dopachrome formation. Analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of the hemolymph cell-free fraction showed two main components, with a molecular mass of 76 and 80 kDa.
Microbial entomopathogen-based bioinsecticides are recognized as alternatives to synthetic pesticides. Insects defend themselves against microbial pathogens by innate mechanisms, including increased phenoloxidase (PO) activity, but its relationship with microbial bioinsecticides efficacy is little known. This study evaluated the differences in PO activity at different developmental stages of the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Pyralidae), beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Noctuidae), and cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Noctuidae). Additionally, 2 nd -and 4 th -instars were exposed to the LC 50 value of the commercial Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) spray, Biobit ® . The percentage of insecticidal activity (IA%) on 2 nd -instar Biobit-exposed larvae was approximately the predicted 50 % mortality for all species except S. exigua. With all 4 th instar Biobit-exposed larvae, mortality was not significantly different from that of unexposed larvae. Unexposed insects had a significantly higher PO activity in pre-pupae and pupae than early-instar larvae and adults, whereas PO activity was higher in adult females than in males. Correlation analysis between IA% and PO activity revealed significant r-values (p < 0.01) in 2 nd instar H. virescens (r = 0.979) and P. interpunctella (r = 0.930). Second instar Biobit-exposed P. interpunctella had 10 times more PO activity than unexposed larvae. Similarly, the amount of total protein was lower in 4 th instar Biobit-exposed H. virescens and higher in S. exigua. Therefore, the results indicated a relationship between Biobit susceptibility and PO activity in some cases. This information may be useful if the Biobit application period is timed for a developmental stage with low PO activity. However, more studies are needed to determine the correlation of each insect with a particular bioinsecticide.
Molecules, 2014
A bioassay-guided column chromatographic strategy was adopted in the present study to fractionate the culture extract of Photorhabdus temperata M1021 to identify potential insecticidal and antimicrobial compounds. An ethyl acetate (EtOAc) culture extract of P. temperata was assayed against Galleria mellonella larvae through intra-hemocoel injection and exhibited 100% insect mortality within 60 h. The EtOAc fraction and an isolated compound exhibited phenoloxidase (PO) inhibition of up to 60% and 63%, respectively. The compound was identified as 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid (phthalic acid, PA) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. PA exhibited insecticidal activity against G. mellonella in a dose-dependent manner, and 100% insect mortality was observed at 108 h after injection of 1 M PA. In a PO inhibition assay, 0.5 and 1 M concentrations of PA were found to inhibit PO activity by 74% and 82%, respectively; and in a melanotic nodule formation assay, nodule formation was significantly inhibited (27 and 10 nodules) by PA (0.5 and 1 M, respectively). PA was furthermore found to have substantial antioxidant activity and maximum antioxidant activity was 64.7% for 0.5 M PA as compare to control. Antibacterial activity was assessed by The MIC values ranged from