Trichoderma virens-Tv4 enhances growth promoter and plant defense-related enzymes of mungbean (Vigna radiata) against soil-borne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani (original) (raw)
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3 Biotech, 2018
Web blight/wet root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani is one of the major constraints for mung bean (Vigna radiata) production. Growing of resistant varieties and use of biocontrol agents are the feasible options available to manage the disease. The present study was conducted to determine the variation in the expression of various defense-related genes in susceptible and resistant mung bean varieties in response to biocontrol agent Trichoderma virens and R. solani interactions. The primers were designed using sequences of defense-related genes, namely PR 10, epoxide hydrolase (EH), catalase and calmodulin available in NCBI database and evaluated against cDNA obtained from both susceptible and resistant mung bean plants at 1-4 days post-inoculation (dpi) with the test pathogen R. solani and biocontrol agent T. virens using conventional PCR and qPCR analyses. R. solani inoculation upregulated the mean expression of PR 10 and calmodulin in susceptible and resistant varieties, respectively, whereas downregulated in the rest of the treatments. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that except catalase in the susceptible variety, which is downregulated, the expression of PR 10, EH, catalase and calmodulin was upregulated in both resistant and susceptible varieties in response to T. virens alone and in the presence of R. solani. In general, the expression of PR 10 and calmodulin was highest at 1 dpi whereas EH and catalase expression were maximum at 4 dpi. The application of T. virens suppressed the development of disease in the presence of R. solani in both susceptible and resistant varieties with more pronounced effect in resistant variety. Thus, the application of biocontrol agent T. virens upregulated the expression of defense-related genes and reduced disease development.
Trichoderma viride is one of the most important biocontrol agents (BCAs) that have been used in agriculture across the globe. They provide systemic resistance to plants infested by various fungal phytopathogens. Biocontrol activity of Trichoderma based BCAs inheres in their ability to orchestrate various biochemical pathways in plants parasitized by fungi. Although studies delineating biocontrol activity of Trichoderma against fungal pathogens are documented, there is need for divulging the biochemical basis of disease resistance being induced by Trichoderma. Therefore, investigations pertaining to induction of such systemic resistance and associated biochemical responses is essential to understand the mechanism of biological control by Trichoderma viride. In this regard, current study was designed to understand the role of T. viride in inducing defense enzymes (Peroxidase, Polyphenol Oxidase and Phenyl Alanine ammonia Lyase) and total phenolic content in black gram exposed to pathogens Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria alternata. It was found that the biocontrol agent, T. viride induced higher levels of defense enzymes in black gram during pathogenesis by F. oxysporum and A. alteranata. Therefore, it was concluded that plant defense enzymes play a vital role in mitigating pathogen-induced stress in legume, Vigna mungo during the biological control by T. viride. Outcomes of the study will be useful in formulating T. viride based BCA formulations to control wilt and blight diseases caused by fungal phytopathogens.
Legume Research- An International Journal, Volume 46 Issue 2: 228-232 (February 2023)
Background: Mung bean is susceptible to Rhizoctonia solani infection. Applications of beneficial microorganisms such as Trichoderma are promising for controlling pathogens and promoting plant growth. Methods: This study investigated growth performance and metabolic changes in mung bean seedlings during interaction with R. solani and Trichoderma virens using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Result: Mung bean infected by R. solani caused root rot and wilting. T. virens treatment reduced the disease severity in infected seedlings and promoted mung bean growth. Seventy-eight metabolites were identified in root extracts and dominated by sugars and fatty acids. The sugars, fatty acids and organic acids were significant metabolite groups that changed in response to pathogen infection and/or T. virens treatment. Five metabolic pathways particularly pyruvate metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, sulfur metabolism, citrate cycle (TCA cycle) and phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis altered significantly based on a metabolic pathway analysis. Acetic acid and aconitine had important roles in mung bean response to R. solani infection and/or T. virens treatment.
Protoplasma, 2017
In the present study, the spread of Rhizoctonia solani-induced disease was limited when cucumber plants were pretreated with Trichoderma atroviride TRS25. The systemic disease suppression was related to TRS25-induced resistance (TISR) induction with simultaneous plant growth promotion. Protection of cucumber was related to enhanced activity of defense enzymes, e.g., guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), syringaldazine peroxidase (SPX), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) as well as phenolic (PC) concentration increases in the conditions of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) accumulation, resulting in thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) decrease. Moreover, the obtained results indicated that TISR might depend on accumulation of salicylic acid derivatives, that is methyl salicylate (MeSA), ethylhexyl salicylate (EHS), salicylic acid glucosylated conjugates (SAGC), and β-cyclocitral as well as volatile organic compounds (VOC) such as Z-3-hexanal, Z-3-hexenol, and E-2-hexenal. The results point to important, not previously documented, roles of these VOC in TISR signaling with upregulation of PR1 and PR5 gene characteristic of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and of PR4 gene, marker of induced systemic resistance (ISR). The study established that TRS25 enhanced deposition of callose and lignin in specialized plant cells, which protected vascular system in cucumber shoots and roots as well as assimilation cells and dermal tissues in shoots and leaves. These compounds protected cucumber organs against R. solani influence and made them more flexible and resilient, which contributed to better nutrition and hydration of plants. The growth promotion coupled with systemic mobilization of biochemical and mechanical strengthening might be involved in multilayer protection of cucumber against R. solani activated by TRS25.
Elicitors of Plant Defense Responses from Biocontrol Strains of Trichoderma viren
Phytopathology, 2004
Effective biocontrol strains of Trichoderma virens can induce the production of defense-related compounds in the roots of cotton. Ineffective strains do not induce these compounds to significant levels. This elicittation was found to be heat stable, insoluble in chloroform, passed through a 5K molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) filter, but not a 3K MWCO filter, and was sensitive to treatment by proteinase K. When the active material was subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, several bands were present in the material from biocontrol-active strains that were lacking in inactive strains. When eluted and tested for elicitation activity, with or without renaturation, four bands stimulated cotton terpenoid production. One band showed cross-reaction with an antibody to the ethylene-inducing xylanase from T. viride. Another band of approximately 18 kDa, gave significant stimulation of cotton terpenoid production and increased peroxidase activity in cotton radi...
International Journal of Chemical Studies, 2020
An experiment was undertaken to understand the effect of elicitor compounds in imparting disease resistance to Rhizoctonia solani in Soybean. The results revealed that all the elicitor compounds were effective in managing the Rhizoctonia blight of soybean through the induction of host defence. Among the chemical inducers, isonicotinic acid was revealed to the most effective for inducing hydrogen peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and polyphenol oxidase where as phenylalanine ammonia lyase and peroxidase was found to be highest in plants treated with salicylic acid and benzyl amino purine, respectively. All the elicitor biomolecules decreased the endogenous content of xylanase, laccase and cellulase to a greater extent, which have been reported as pathogenic determinants and assist pathogen attack. The bioagents were also effective in inducing the defence response to Rhizoctonia blight in soybean.
Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 2012
Heterocyclic compounds are known to activate the defense response or resistance in plants. In order to study their effect as activatorsof systemic acquired resistance (SAR), two series of heterocyclic compounds having azole group were used for the present study i.e.,substituted triazolothiadiazoles and thiazolidine thioureas to obtain new compounds with improved biological activities in mung beans(Vigna radiata (L.)Wilczek, is an important pulse crop of India. These compounds could be used as a solution to chemically mediateddisease control both at the farm level as well as chemical fungicides. For this polyphenol content, flavonoid content, PAL activity,peroxidase activity and protein content were determined in control and after chemical treatment in mung beans var. ‘RMG-344’. Theresults indicated significant changes and a distinct role of polyphenols, flavonoids, PAL, peroxidase and proteins in the defense responseof mung beans after treatment with these chemicals.
The present investigation was carried out to elucidate the mechanism of disease resistance of blackgram to powdery mildew by exogenous supply of plant activators. Induction of major defence enzymes such as peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) were studied in black gram plants sprayed with plant activators. Increased activity of PO, PPO-1 and PAL was observed in blackgram plants treated with a combined application of acetylsalicylic acid (50 mg L) and salicylic acid-1 rd (50 mg L) when compared to untreated control. The enzyme activities increased on the 3 day, reached maximum levels from the th th 5 to 7 day and declined gradually thereafter. Similarly, native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) revealed that one to five isoforms of the defence related enzymes with a higher intensity were expressed in these treatments (
International Journal of Phytopathology, 2020
Mungbean (Vigna radiata) is seriously affected by mungbean yellow mosaic disease (MYMD) caused by Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) in the Indian subcontinent. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of salicylic acid (SA) and benzothiadiazole (BTH) for the management of MYMD and to find their role in inducing alteration in different biochemical parameters in susceptible mungbean genotype VC3061A. Exogenous application of the elicitors resulted in delayed symptom development and reduced disease severity (DS). The severity index (SI) was higher on positive control plants while the minimum was observed in post combined application of BTH+SA, followed by BTH and SA application. Total phenolic contents (TPC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) increased significantly in virus inoculated plants of all treatments as compared to their healthy controls. SOD activity was increased significantly in BTH+SA treated plants but decreased in disease control and BTH treated vir...
TJPRC, 2013
This study was designed to evaluate the potential of Trichoderma viride spore suspension as biocontrol agent against Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria alternate in legume, black gram (Vigna mungo) under greenhouse conditions . Seeds and seven days old plants of black gram were artificially infested with F. oxysporum and A. alternata. Concurrently, they were treated with Trichoderma viride spores. It was observed that the seed germination (%), growth (shoot and root), vigour index and disease resistance in plant samples treated with Trichoderma increased than in controls. Experiments were also conducted to understand the role of T. viride in inducing the antioxidant system of black gram plants so as to create systemic resistance against F. oxysporum and A. alternata. Lipid peroxidation levels were found to be decreased in Trichoderma treated samples. Our findings concluded that triggering of antioxidant systems played an important role in mitigating pathogen-induced oxidative stress during systemic resistance by T. viride in black gram. This study holds important inferences for developing effective strategies in promoting Trichoderma spp. based biocontrol agents in mitigating the fungal infections in legume plants.