Governmental responses to air pollution: summary of a study of the implementation ofrodízio in São Paulo (original) (raw)
Related papers
2005
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) initiated the Integrated Environmental Strategies (IES) in 1998 to assist developing countries with evaluation and human benefits of technologies and policies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The overall objective of the IES project in Brazil is to establish a framework for development, analysis and implementation of integrated, environmentally sustainable policies for the São Paulo Metropolitan Region (SPMR), with particular focus on the 1 Also from the University São Marcos, Environmental Engineering Department transport system. This framework is expected to supply decision-makers with stronger policy instruments to simultaneously address local, regional and global environmental issues based on technical, economic and social criteria. The São Paulo project analyzed strategies with potential for implementation that can optimize the local-regional-global benefits. The IES program in Brazil focuses on the São Paulo Metropolitan Region (SPMR), a conglomerate of cities with a total population of almost 17 million people (approx. 10% of the Brazilian population), a GDP of US$100 billion (approx. 20% of the National GDP), and 6 million vehicles (approx. 25% of the national fleet). The workgroup for the IES project consists of representatives from São Paulo State Environmental Agency (CETESB), the
Benefits of the Air Quality Study Conducted by the State of Rio de JaneiroBenefits of the Air Quality Study Conducted by the State of Rio de Janeiro (Atena Editora), 2022
The evaluation of public policies is an extremely important practice, as it allows monitoring the performance of government management and the achievement of the goals listed in the government plans. In addition, it promotes transparency, encourages the quality of public spending and strengthens Accountability. The objective of this article is to carry out a bibliographic research based on a recent study carried out by the State Institute of the Environment - INEA RJ on the public policy of Air Quality. The study makes it possible to know the resources invested in carrying out this public policy, making technical information available to all segments of society that provide greater clarity regarding the products that were revealed in the execution of environmental actions related to the quality of the State's Air, in the period of 2012 to 2015. In the analysis of the data, it was found that investments in environmental actions meet sustainable development and substantially affect the quality of life of the population of Rio de Janeiro. It was concluded that the environmental projects carried out in the last PPA (2012 - 2015) had a positive impact on society, since they considerably reduced the emission of polluting gases, improving air quality in the State.
Policy instruments surrounding urban air quality: The cases of São Paulo, New York City and Paris
Environmental Science & Policy
Fifteen years of major policies and programs on air pollution control in New York City, São Paulo and Paris were reported in order to draw attention to each city's management tendencies. The study highlighted the strategies implemented, showing that overall levels of atmospheric pollution have decreased in the three cities, but they continue to be above WHO recommendations. While regulatory approaches are commonly embraced to lower air pollution levels, the three cities differ in the way and extent to which they have prioritized control technologies, mobility, public transport accessibility and energy matrix. Despite all sharing the technological capacity to develop cleaner fuels and foster non-motorized transport modes, disparities in transportation options, infrastructure and commuting distance appear to have an impact on the use of privately owned vehicles and pollution levels. This is partly due to the lack of public transportation and to local political choices. The three examples show how regulatory approaches alone are not enough to ameliorate air quality and suggest that each city should incorporate programs that account for people's travel choices. For policymakers, prioritizing air quality offers the potential to have a positive short-term impact on health and on the local environment, particularly in low and middle-income countries.
Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment, 2019
Although there are vehicular emissions control programs, vehicles that violate ongoing standards of these programs threaten both environment and health on developing countries urban centers. This study aimed to evaluate air quality and public health impacts due to emissions from vehicles that violate Brazilian emissions standards in Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area. We analyzed particulate matter emissions on 2014-2015 biennium. We projected scenarios in which all circulating vehicles were according to Brazilian vehicular emission control standards and estimated the emissions' reduction using the bottom-up method. We considered a proportional reduction in pollutant concentration equivalent to the percentage reduction in emissions. The years of life lost avoided due to cardiopulmonary problems were estimated considering the impacted population fraction by air quality improvement. Results indicated that the substitution of vehicles which violate Brazilian standards by more modern models would improve 33% PM 10 and 17% PM 2.5 air quality and avoid 65,568 years of life lost, which, considering the life year value, is US$ 4bi equivalent. This study reinforces the need of an Accelerated Vehicle Retirement Program implementation and mostly cleaner transportation investments.
Atmospheric pollution : a case study of the Municipality of São Luís do Maranhão
2020
The Brazilian capitals have been presenting environmental problems of diverse orders, reverberating negatively in the life quality of its inhabitants. São Luís, the State of Maranhão's capital, with a population of larger than 1 million citizens consists of a good example of a Brazilian capital that can coexist with environmental atmospheric problems. The research when analyzing the atmospheric pollution in the city further sought to correlate with its geographic aspects (physical and human) by comprehending that it's only possible to discern the complexity of the problem when it's not limited only to the pollution sources and the emitted volumes. The collected data were obtained from seven automatic stations of air quality belonging to Company Vale S/A and oriented by an evolutive and integrated analysis. The achieved results by the study indicated that the EMAP station, localized in the county's port zone, was the sole one that presented values that exceeded the established limits by the Law with the subsequent values in percentages for Unbreathable Particles in the following years: in 2013 (68%); 2014 (87%); 2015 (110%) and 2016 (2%). It was also possible to distinguish between the months from July to December, in the dry season, significant rises in the atmospheric pollution indexes in the order of 24,5% for Unbreathable Particles and 35% for Total Particles in Suspension. It is concluded beyond polluting sources, that in São Luís case, the rainfall and wind are climatic atributes significant in the determination the levels of pollution in the study area.
S ao Paulo is the most industrialized area of Latin The Extent and Sources of Pollution
2015
the third largest metropolitan center in the world. ' To- othes Ee ado Pannesc (18) s ianneschi, day some of the most urgent problems of the urban others, Esteves and G Lanneschi (1980); Gianneschi, environment are found here, particularly in the highly Junior, and Salvador g1979); Licco, Oda, and Galvao industrialized sections of the Greater Sao Paulo Metro- World Bank. politan Area (GSP). Air pollutant discharges in the GsP currently amount to 8,000 tons daily. Carbon monoxide constitutes 65 Pollution: Problems and Policies percent of the emissions, sulfur dioxides 13 percent, hydrocarbons 10 percent, particulates 7 percent, and Until the early 1970s Brazilian policymakers tended nitrogen oxides 5 percent. In 1978 daily air quality to opt for environmental damage in the pursuit of eco- standards were exceeded 299 times for carbon monox-nomic growth and competitiveness in international ide, 121 times for particulate matter, and 17 times for markets. As pollution grew, however,...
Evaluation of Public Policies in Brazil and Their Relation to Pollution and Poverty
The present article has the objective of analyzing the relationship between the per capita income, the industrial pollution level and the poverty level of the Brazilian states. An adaptation of the model proposed by was adopted, in which some factors to explain pollution were included. The parameters were estimated by the Generalized Method of Moments, with the use of simultaneous equations. The results indicate that poverty reduction is related to the increase of pollution. Therefore, government actions which aim to reduce the pollutant levels will have the undesirable impact of reducing the possibilities of confronting poverty situations.
Air Pollution in the Aveiro Region, Portugal: A Citizens’ Engagement Approach
Air Pollution XXVI, 2018
Air pollution has become a growing concern in the past few years, with an increasing number of acute air pollution episodes in many cities worldwide. In Portugal, especially in the region of Aveiro, high concentrations of particulate matter are frequently recorded, being one of the most critical air pollutants. Health impacts related with citizens' exposure to particulate matter has been threatening human health, increasing mortality and morbidity and contributing to a broad range of negative health outcomes. Different causes are attributed to air pollution over Portugal: agricultural, forest fires and dust emissions from Sahara Desert, amongst the natural emission sources, and road-traffic, residential combustion and industrial emissions, amongst the anthropogenic emission sources. Citizens' behaviour has a main role on air quality management. Each day individual choices, such as transportation or residential heating, have direct impact on air pollutant emissions. Therefore, citizens' play an important role to mitigate air pollution problems in their cities. However, the first step is to increase citizens' receptiveness about their contribution to the problem and, at the same time, to engage and empower them to contribute to the solutions. Aveiro Region is one of the case studies of ClairCity (Citizen-led air pollution reduction in cities) project. The project developed several activities to engage citizens on air pollution and carbon emissions issues. This work focus on the Delphi-like approach that includes surveys and workshops, to find out about people's lives in Aveiro Region and their vision for a low carbon, clean air and healthy future region. This paper presents an overview about air pollution in Aveiro region as well as the activities of the Delphi survey to see how citizens perceive this problem and their role on future air quality management.
Air quality in the megacity of São Paulo: Evolution over the last 30 years and future perspectives
Atmospheric Environment, 2017
We present a comprehensive review of published results from the last 30 years regarding the sources and atmospheric characteristics of particles and ozone in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP). During the last 30 years, many efforts have been made to describe the emissions sources and to analyse the primary and secondary formation of pollutants under a process of increasing urbanisation in the metropolitan area. From the occurrence of frequent violations of air quality standards in the 1970s and 1980s (due to the uncontrolled air pollution sources) to a substantial decrease in the concentrations of the primary pollutants, many regulations have been imposed and enforced, although those concentrations do not yet conform to the World Health Organization guidelines. The greatest challenge currently faced by the São Paulo State Environmental Protection Agency and the local community is controlling secondary pollutants such as ozone and fine particles. Understanding the formation of these secondary pollutants, by experimental or modelling approaches, requires the description of the atmospheric chemical processes driven by biofuel, ethanol and biodiesel emissions. Exposure to air pollution is the cause of many injuries to human health, according to many studies performed not only in the region but also worldwide, and affects susceptible populations such as children and the elderly. The MASP is the biggest megacity in the Southern Hemisphere, and its specifics are important for other urban areas that are facing the challenge of intensive growth that puts pressure on natural resources and worsens the living conditions in urban areas. This text discusses