Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ado-Ekiti Roadside Soil, Nigeria: Distribution, Source Identification, Composition Profiles, and Toxic Potential (original) (raw)
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Asian Journal of Biology
The study was undertaken to determine the levels of 16 priority PAHs in soil and sediments from some vicinities of Ikot Akpaden, Mkpat Enin. The soils were prepared using standard procedure in the laboratory and analyzed for 16 US EPA priority PAHs using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer (GC-MS). The soil samples were obtained from two sampling sites at Ikot Akpaden (Site A and C). Site C showed minimal PAHs concentration while site A recorded PAHs levels ranging from 0.01 to 4.25 mg/kg. According to European commission, the PAHs concentrations in soil samples of this study are moderate, but deleterious over time. The soils were negatively affected more with low molecular weight PAHs than High Molecular Weight PAHs.This study revealed that the sampling sites had low carcinogenic burden, hence would exhibit moderate adverse health effects to plants and animals. It was concluded that automobile repair activities in site A contributed to the soil contamination with PAHs; hence ...
Science of The Total Environment, 2014
As a developing country, the economic and population growth rates in Ghana over the past few years have seen tremendous increase. The growing rate of industrialization is gradually leading to contamination and deterioration of the environment and pollution is likely to reach disturbing levels. Surface soil samples were collected randomly from 36 communities in the Kumasi metropolis, Ghana, to determine the concentrations, distribution, sources and toxic potential of emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) since no such comprehensive study has been conducted. The mean concentration of total PAHs in the surface soils in each community ranged from 14.78 at Ahinsan to 2084 ng/g dry weight at Adum with an average of 442.5 ± 527.2 ng/g dry weight. Diagnostic ratios and chemical mass balance models of the results showed that PAHs in surface soil samples from the study area were mainly from fuel combustion. Carcinogenic potency of PAHs load from the city centre was approximately 150 times higher as compared to a pristine site, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology's Botanical Garden. BaP, a human carcinogen, contributed 70% of the total PAHs toxicity level from the city centre of Kumasi.
EVALUATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN SOIL OF SELECTED URBAN AREAS OF DELTA STAT NIGERIA
Sixteen Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) grouped as endocrine disruption substances (EDSs) were determined for their concentrations, sources and human health risk. Naphthalene (Nap), acenaphthylene (Acy), acenaphthene (Ace), fluorine (Flu), phenanthrene (Phe), anthracene (Ant), fluoranthene (Flt), pyrene (Pyr), chrysene (Chr), benzo(a)anthracene (B[a]a), benzo(b)fluoranthene (B[b]f), benzo(k)fluoranthene (B[k]f), benzo(a)pyrene (B[a]p), indeno(1,2,3-cd)perylene (I[123-cd]p), benzo(ghi) perylene (B[ghi]p) and dibenzo(a,h) anthracene (D[ah]a) were analyzed in three urban soils of Agbor, Asaba and Issele-Ukwu, at 0-15 and 16-30 cm depth in wet and dry seasons. After extraction using ultrasonication with hexane and dichloromethane and clean-up, PAHs concentration was measured using gas chromatography equipped with mass spectrometer. The concentrations of Ʃ16 PAHs ranged from 178.0 to 787.0 µg/kg and 105.1 to 437.7 µg/kg in wet season and dry season respectively. PAHs concentrations varied significantly (p<0.05) between sites, soil profile and seasons. The Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk values obtained were relatively above the tolerable target risk levels of 10-6 set by the US.EPA, this suggest a potential for human mutagenic and carcinogenic risk in the study area. Source estimates ratios suggest that PAHs were from petroleum, coal, biomass combustion and traffic origin.
Journal Of Chemical Society Of Nigeria, 2016
Soil samples were collected at different locations in the vicinity of an industrial estate in Sango-Ota Ogun State, Nigeria. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) coupled with flame ionization detector (FID). The total concentration of thirteen PAHs ranged from 3.33 mg/kg to 34.00 mg/kg. The highest concentration of total PAHs was observed from sampling point Q, while the lowest concentration (3.33 mg/kg) was found in soil sample S. No value was recorded for samples H, J and M. The PAHs ratio was also calculated to know the source(s) of the pollution. Phen/An, Flu/Pyr, An/(Phen+An), Flu/(Flu+Pyr), BaA/(BaA+Chry). BaA/Chry ratios ranged from 0.00 -1.09,0.35 -1.02, 0.48-1.00, 0.26 -1.00, 0.00 -0.81 and 0.00 -3.38, respectively. The calculated ratios showed that the source of pollution is majorly pyrogenic with minor contribution from petrogenic source which might have occurred as a result of industrial...
Assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination in urban soils from Niamey, Niger
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2015
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are produced during incomplete organic matter combustion at high temperature and have potentially mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. No data on PAHs in soils from Niger have been reported despite the existence of numerous PAH emissions sources. This study provides data on PAH contamination of urban soils in Niamey. For this purpose, soil samples were collected from 10 urban sites and their PAHs levels were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). PAH compound ratios such as phenanthrene/anthracene (Phen/Ant) were used to identify petrogenic or pyrogenic sources. The results showed that the total PAH concentrations in the soils ranged from 372 µg/kg to 4320 µg/kg and carcinogenic PAHs ranged between 23% and 53 % of the total PAHs. According to the evaluation criteria of PAH levels (Maliszewska-Kordubach 1996), soils of Niamey can be considered as contaminated at moderate to high degree by PAHs. Calculated values of Phen/Ant ratio varied from 0.72 to 16.55 and indicated that the PAHs in Niamey urban soil are mainly of pyrogenic origin such as incineration, open burning for domestic heating and cooking.
Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences, 2016
The concentrations and compositional patterns of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in surface soils of an urban environment in the Niger Delta of Nigeria with a view to providing information on the sources, extent of contamination and human health risks of PAHs in these soils. The analyses were performed by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after extraction of the soils with hexane/dichloromethane and clean-up of the extracts. The concentration of ∑16 PAHs in the urban soils ranged from 188 to 684 μg kg-1 , while the ∑PAH 7c (carcinogenic PAHs) ranged from 28.5 and 571 μg kg-1. The estimated carcinogenic and mutagenic potency factors for these sites ranged from 2.34 to 197 and 9.66 to 195 μg kg-1 respectively. The composition of PAHs in these soils follows the order: 5-rings>4-rings>3-rings>6-rings>2-rings, and higher molecular weight PAHs accounted for a significant proportion of the ∑16 PAH concentration in this study. The results indicated that there is a high potential risk of cancer development as a result of exposure of PAHs via ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation. The diagnostic ratios indicate that the PAHs in these soils originated mainly from pyrogenic processes, such as combustion of petroleum, fossil fuels and biomass such as woods, charcoal straw and grasses. The results of this study provided information on the concentrations and compositional patterns of PAHs, which is useful in understanding the effects, sources, fate and transport of PAHs in soils, as well as environmental quality management and environmental forensic studies.
Levels and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Soils of Akure, Nigeria
Chemical Science International Journal, 2016
Top soils (0-15 cm) of Shasha market, North Gate motor park, Benin motor park and Ilesha motor park in Akure metropolis, Nigeria was sampled. The aim of the research was to determine the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in frequently visited urban areas. PAHs were determined by extraction using hexane and dichloromethane in an ultra sonicator with a microprocessor for control of time and temperature. The extract was concentrated and cleaned up using Nitrogen gas. Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) was used to analyze for PAHs. The ∑PAHs (summation of PAHs) ranged from 6.184-27.046 µg/kg and 1.511-13.766 µg/kg, ∑Low molecular weight PAHs ranged from 3.237-14.672 µg/kg and 0.279-8.338 µg/kg, ∑High molecular weight PAHs ranged from 2.947-12.374 µg/kg and 0.627-5.428 µg/kg in the samples and controls respectively. Shasha market sample and control has the highest ∑PAHs. Source diagnostic ratio inferred that the PAHs originated mainly from combustion sources and vehicular exhaust. The concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the site samples were all higher than the control samples. Areas with very high activities had higher concentrations.
Journal of Chemical Health Risks, 2019
This study investigated the cancer risk exposure of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Soils from industrial areas in South Eastern States of Nigeria. PAHs concentrations in soil samples from study sites ranged from below the limits of detection (0.01±0.00) in Ishiagu to 2.67±0.02 in Akwuuru. Total PAHs (∑PAHS) concentrations in most crop samples had values 13, 9.55, 22.12 <0.01, 5.85 Mg/kg for Abia, Imo, Anambra, Ebonyi and Enugu Soils respectively. The diagnostic ratios indicated both pyrolytic and petrogenic sources of pollution suggesting that there is no point source of pollution in the industrialized areas. The secondary evaluation on carcinogenic PAHs in soil for Akwuuru and Osisioma showed significant dominance above other soils analyzed for the different states. Estimated daily intake of PAHs in soils was within the interval of 2.54819E-06mg/kg/body to 8.57844E-05 mg/kg/body (Adults) and 2.67993E-06 mg/kg/body to 9.02193E-05 mg/kg/body for children. The summation...
2021
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are highly teratogenic, persistent, carcinogenic, and ubiquitous environmental contaminants. They present potential threats to the ecological environment and human health. Nine composite soil samples (three from each town) were collected at a depth of 0 – 30 cm using soil auger from the vicinity of selected petrol handling facilities (petrol stations) within three major towns in Kogi State-Nigeria, between September and October, 2020. The samples were analyzed for concentrations, distribution, sources and toxic potentials of emission of 16 USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), since no such comprehensive study had been conducted in the area. The total concentrations of PAHs (∑PAHs) in soil samples from the vicinity of nine petrol stations within three major towns in Kogi State-Nigeria ranged from 2.66 to 5.64 μg/kg at Ankpa, 1.58 to 7.58 μg/ kg at Anyigba and 3.72 to 4.98 μg/kg at Idah, with an average of 4.03 μg/kg. Lower mo...
F1000Research
Background: This study determined the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the soil around typical automobile repair workshops in Nigeria. Risk assessment associated with human contact with the soil was carried out using hazard quotient (HQ) and incremental life cancer risk (ILCR) from human unconscious ingestion and dermal contact with the soil. Methods: Soil samples were obtained at different automobile workshops in Ado-Ekiti, Western Nigeria. The PAHS in the samples were extracted using dichloromethane and extracts were cleaned up silica gel open column chromatography. Analysis of PAHs in the soil was done using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass selective detector operated on electron ionization mode. Results: The results showed the mean PAHs concentration at the sampling locations ranged from 5.58 – 6.4 μg/g and the mean ∑ carcinogenic PAHs was 58.4 μg/g , equivalent to 59.39 % of total PAHs observed. The mean Toxicity equivalence (TEQs) ranged from 0.02 - ...