Geography of Economic Activities (original) (raw)
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Journal of Economic Surveys, 1999
Recently, the 'new economic geography' literature has developed as a theory of the emergence of large agglomerations which relies on increasing returns to scale and transportation costs. This literature builds on diverse intellectual traditions. It combines the insights of traditional regional science with those of modern trade theory and thus attempts to provide an integrative approach to interregional and international
The Internal Geography of Trade
2013
Take a snapshot of the world at any time and it is clear that economic activity is unevenly distributed across places. In a dynamic context, however, neoclassical theory suggests that we should see convergence in per capita incomes over time, as factors move from high-to low-cost locations. The strong convergence in national incomes over the past 20 years seems to support this theory. Yet within many countries the opposite has been the case, with output and wealth increasingly being concentrated and cross-regional disparities apparently widening. This pattern of divergence appears to have become more acute in the recent era of globalization of trade and investment. Economic theory, including endogenous growth, the role of institutions, and, most importantly, the "new economic geography" (NEG), have made significant progress in explaining the emergence of core-periphery patterns behind this divergence. They point to the critical role of agglomeration, which confers benefits to metropolitan cores that have the advantages of large markets, deep labor pools, links to international markets, and clusters of diverse suppliers and institutions. Regions relatively near the metropolitan core are likely to benefit from spillovers and congestion-related dispersion. Regions further outside the core (that is, the periphery), however, are not only less able to take advantage of spillovers, but also more likely to be far removed from key infrastructural, institutional, and interpersonal links to regional and international markets. As a result, they face significant challenges to becoming competitive locations to host economic activity. Thus the geographical pattern of core and peripheral regions is increasingly manifest in an economic pattern of "leading" and "lagging" regions. The World Development Report Framework The World Bank's World Development Report 2009 (WDR 2009) brought the issue of economic geography strongly to the fore of the mainstream development agenda. The report argues that uneven patterns of economic activity and divergence in outcomes across regions are a natural consequence of processes
Roepke Lecture in Economic Geography-Regional Context and Global Trade
Economic Geography, 2008
How should we think of the role of regions in relationship to the global economy? Theory has surprising gaps when it comes to building a unified vision of these two scales of development. Two contributions to such a vision are proposed in this paper. First, the relationship between geographical concentration and the regional economic specialization it underpins, and globalization, should be theorized as a dynamic process. Standard location and trade theory is not adequate for this task; instead, the dynamical relationship can be captured through growth theory. But this in turn requires correcting growth theory to separate its local and its global components, respectively Marshall-Arrow from Romer externalities. Second, we consider the missing element in all theories of geographical concentration and locally-specialized development, an element labeled "context" here. A theory of context in turn raises important new questions about the dynamic welfare and developmental effects of contemporary processes of fragmenting and re-locating production at a global scale. JEL: D62, F12, F15, R12
Economic geography: a contemporary introduction
2007
This course is a study of geographic relationships of supply and demand, resources, population, and transportation. Site analysis, location theory and decision-making in different economic systems and cultures and how these decisions affect the environment and the location of economic activities and regionalization of economic systems will be examined.
New Economic Geography and New Regionalism
Change is the only thing that does not change. The change itself is a sustainable process where sometimes let its reactions emerge instantly or let them happen just afterwards. History has experienced both significant bitter changes like revolution, sometimes in a form of evolution. Like many aspects; structures, policies, expectations formed themselves in multi-layered theories and practices. Sometimes ideologies are constructed and applied to practices, and witnessed its pass or failure, however sometimes practices brought us to new ideologies, and even their newer version like many ideologies called with "neo" with some significant edits.