Massage reduced severity of pain during labour: a randomised trial (original) (raw)
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2021
INTRODUCTION Birth is undisputedly one of the most painful experiences many women endure in their lives. This study aimed to compare the effects of mechanical and warm mechanical massage application in reducing labor pain and enhancing childbirth satisfaction in primipara women. METHODS A randomized-controlled trial was conducted on 210 primipara women. Subjects were randomly divided into three groups (each group comprised 70 women) to receive either a mechanical massage, warm mechanical massage, or routine care (control). The intervention was applied twice on the lumbosacral section (relating to the back part of the pelvis between the hips) and pain level was assessed by using the visual analogue scale (VAS) before the intervention, immediately, half an hour and at 1 hour after intervention. The labor satisfaction level was assessed by using the childbirth experience questionnaire (CEQ) at 30 minutes postpartum. RESULTS Comparing the intervention groups, there were no significant d...
Effects of massage on pain and anxiety during labour: a randomized controlled trial in Taiwan
Journal of Advanced Nursing, 2002
Effects of massage on pain and anxiety during labour: a randomized controlled trial in Taiwan Aims. To investigate the effects of massage on pain reaction and anxiety during labour. Background. Labour pain is a challenging issue for nurses designing intervention protocols. Massage is an ancient technique that has been widely employed during labour, however, relatively little study has been undertaken examining the effects of massage on women in labour. Methods. A randomized controlled study was conducted between September 1999 and January 2000. Sixty primiparous women expected to have a normal childbirth at a regional hospital in southern Taiwan were randomly assigned to either the experimental (n ¼ 30) or the control (n ¼ 30) group. The experimental group received massage intervention whereas the control group did not. The nurse-rated present behavioural intensity (PBI) was used as a measure of labour pain. Anxiety was measured with the visual analogue scale for anxiety (VASA). The intensity of pain and anxiety between the two groups was compared in the latent phase (cervix dilated 3-4 cm), active phase (5-7 cm) and transitional phase (8-10 cm). Results. In both groups, there was a relatively steady increase in pain intensity and anxiety level as labour progressed. A t-test demonstrated that the experimental group had significantly lower pain reactions in the latent, active and transitional phases. Anxiety levels were only significantly different between the two groups in the latent phase. Twenty-six of the 30 (87%) experimental group subjects reported that massage was helpful, providing pain relief and psychological support during labour. Conclusions. Findings suggest that massage is a cost-effective nursing intervention that can decrease pain and anxiety during labour, and partners' participation in massage can positively influence the quality of women's birth experiences.
Journal of Nursing Research, 2019
Background: Several recent studies have documented the effects of massage and acupressure in reducing labor pain and labor time and in satisfaction with the delivery. However, few studies have investigated the comparative effects of these two therapies. Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of massage and acupressure on labor-related pain management, duration, and satisfaction with delivery. Methods: This randomized controlled trial (n = 120) included three intervention groups (massage only, acupressure only, and massage + acupressure) and one control group, in which patients received no massage or acupressure treatment. A personal information form, Pregnant Watch Form, and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) were used to collect data. Frequency and percentage calculations, chi-square test, Student's t test, Tukey's honestly significant difference test, and one-way variance analysis were used for data analysis. Results: In the latent phase of labor, the mean VAS scores of the massage-only group and massage + acupressure group were lower (4.56 ± 1.36 and 4.63 ± 1.52, respectively) than that of the control group (6.16 ± 1.46; p < .01). In the active and transition phases, the mean VAS scores of the massage-only group, acupressure-only group, and massage + acupressure group were significantly lower than that of the control group (p < .01 and p < .001, respectively). During postpartum, the mean VAS score of the massage + acupressure group was lower (2.30 ± 0.70) than that of the control group (2.96 ± 0.72; p = .003). Cervical dilatation completion time and 1-and 5-minute Apgar scores were similar among all of the groups (p > .05). The three intervention groups reported relatively more positive feelings than the control group, and all three of the interventions were found to be effective in improving satisfaction. Conclusions/Implications for Practice: The results of this study indicate that the dual application of massage and acupressure is relatively more effective than either therapy applied alone and that massage is more effective than acupressure.
A Comparison of Massage Effects on Labor Pain Using the McGill Pain Questionnaire
Journal of Nursing Research, 2006
The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of pain during labor with and without massage. Sixty primiparas in labor were randomly assigned to either a massage or control group and tested using the self-reported Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) at 3 phases of cervical dilation: phase 1 dilation (3-4 cm), phase 2 dilation (5-7 cm), and phase 3 dilation (8-10 cm). The massage group received standard nursing care and massage intervention, whereas the control group received standard nursing care only. The results of this study showed: (1) In both groups, as cervical dilation increased, there were significant increases in pain intensity as measured by SF-MPQ; (2) massage lessened pain intensity at phase 1 and phase 2, but there were no significant differences between the groups at phase 3; (3) the most frequently selected five sensory words chosen by both groups were similar at phases 1 and 2-(a) sore, (b) sharp, (c) heavy, (d) throbbing, and (e) cramping, while of the 4 affective classes, "fearful" and "tiring-exhausting" were the most used by participants to describe the affective dimension. The results of this study indicate that, although massage cannot change the characteristics of pain experienced by women in labor, it can effectively decrease labor pain intensity at phase 1 and phase 2 of cervical dilation during labor. Nurses and caregivers could consider using massage to help laboring women through the labor pain.
Massage Therapy and Labor Outcomes: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Introduction: Massage is a time-honored method by which women have received comfort throughout the millennia, yet it has not been rigorously evaluated in the modern day delivery suite. No study to date that we are aware of has evaluated the effect of massage therapy by a regulated massage therapist on labor pain.
The effect of sacral massage on labor pain and anxiety: A randomized controlled trial
Japan Journal of Nursing Science, 2019
This study was conducted as a randomized, control experimental study to determine the effect of sacral massage, on labour pain and anxiety. Background Labour is regarded as one of the physiological behaviours in humans that has existed since the beginning of humanity, the formation cycle of which has remained unchanged (Gönenç & Terzioğlu, 2012). Labour is a health state that most women aspire to, at some point in their lives. The first thought that comes to the mind of an expecting woman regarding her delivery is the pain of labour. The pain of the labour is the central and universal part of woman's experience of childbirth. Labour is a normal physiological process, which while should be an occasion for rejoicing, it also accompanies with it, lots of pain, agony, and discomfort and certain risks. Thus although being a joyful and empowering experience it can end with negative and tragic results, leaving the woman filled with fear and anxiety for future birth (Labrecque, Nouwen, Bergeron, & Rancourt, 1999). The causes of labour pain can be either physical or psychological. Physical factors include uterine contractions, cervical dilatations, cervical effacements etc. Psychological factors include fear and anxiety, previous experiences, inadequate support, inadequate knowledge. Pain perceived during labour may be different for each woman (Sethi & Barnabas, 2017). The fear and anxiety that pregnant women experience during the labour process leads to the stretching of pelvic muscles and creates resistance against the repulsive force of the uterus and the repulsive force exerted by the women during labour. The extension of the anxiety-related tension in the pelvic muscles causes general fatigue in pregnant women, increased pain and decreased power to cope with the pain (Gönenç & Terzioğlu, 2012). Feelings of anxiety can cause pregnant women to inappropriately respond and lose their self-control. Anxiety also reduces the self-confidence of an individual. As a result of this situation, pregnant women perceive themselves as incompetent and unskilled. The anxiety experienced during labour directs women to caesarean section by their own will (Fenwick et al., 2010). The essence of midwifery can be with woman providing comfort in labour. Touch communicates caring and reassurance. Manual healing methods used today during delivery include touch and massage therapy. Painful uterine contractions can be treated by applications of pressure with the hands to woman's back, hips, thighs and sacrum. By massage therapy, pharmacological management during the first stage of labour can be reduced. So less negative effects will be
Effects of massage therapy and presence of attendant on pain, anxiety and satisfaction during labor
Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 2012
To investigate the effects of massage and presenting an attendant on pain, anxiety and satisfaction during labor to clarify some aspects of using an alternative complementary strategy. 120 primiparous women with term pregnancy were divided into massage, attendant and control groups randomly. Massage group received firm and rhythmic massage during labor in three phases. After 30 min massage at each stage, pain, anxiety and satisfaction levels were evaluated. Self-reported present pain intensity scale was used to measure the labor pain. Anxiety and satisfaction were measured with the standard visual analog scale. Massage group had lower pain state in second and third phases (p < 0.05) in comparison with attendant group but reversely, the level of anxiety was lower in attendant group in second and third phases (p < 0.05) and satisfaction was higher in massage group in all four phases (p < 0.001). The massage group had lower pain and anxiety state in three phases in comparison ...
Effect of Effleurage Massage on Labor Pain Intensity in Parturient Women
Egyptian Journal of Health Care, 2018
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of effleurage massage on labor pain intensity in parturient women. Methods: A quasi-experimental research design was utilized to conduct the current study at the labor and delivery unit, of Mansoura University Hospital, Egypt. A nonprobability purposive sample of 80 parturient women during their active phase of labor was allocated to either the control group, who received conventional care for parturient women, or the intervention group, who received effleurage massage besides the conventional care. Three tools were used to collect the data; the first tool was a structured interview questionnaire to assess participants' basic characteristics. The second tool was the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) to assess pain intensity before and after the massage. The third tool was five point Likert scale for the mother's satisfaction with pain relief. Results: At the baseline assessment, there was no significant difference in the NPRS pain score between the two groups. However, immediately after effleurage massage, the NPRS pain score was significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group (5.9 ± 0.8 vs. 6.3 ± 0.9, p < 0.039). Moreover, at 30 min and 2 h after initiating massage, NPRS pain scores was further reduced in the intervention group than in the control group (5.8 ± 1.1 vs. 6.4 ± 1.3, p < 0.029 and 5.7 ± 1.1 vs. 6.5 ± 1.5, p < 0.008 , respectively). Furthermore, 60% of mothers reported a high satisfaction level with massage as pain relief method, while only 10% were dissatisfied. Conclusion: Effleurage massage is an effective pain relief method that reduces labor pain intensity in parturient women. Thus, effleurage massage should be integrated into routine care for parturient women.
Massage or music for pain relief in labour: A pilot randomised placebo controlled trial
Research on massage therapy for maternal pain and anxiety in labour is currently limited to four small trials. Each used different massage techniques, at different frequencies and durations, and relaxation techniques were included in three trials. Given the need to investigate massage interventions that complement maternal neurophysiological adaptations to labour and birth pain(s), we designed a pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT) to test the effects of a massage programme practised during physiological changes in pain threshold, from late pregnancy to birth, on women's reported pain, measured by a visual analogue scale (VAS) at 90 min following birth. To control for the potential bias of the possible effects of support offered within preparation for the intervention group, the study included 3 arms – intervention (massage programme with relaxation techniques), placebo (music with relaxation techniques) and control (usual care). The placebo offered a non-pharmacological coping strategy, to ensure that use of massage was the only difference between intervention and placebo groups. There was a trend towards slightly lower mean pain scores in the intervention group but these differences were not statistically significant. No differences were found in use of pharmacological analgesia, need for augmentation or mode of delivery. There was a trend towards more positive views of labour preparedness and sense of control in the intervention and placebo groups, compared with the control group. These findings suggest that regular massage with relaxation techniques from late pregnancy to birth is an acceptable coping strategy that merits a large trial with sufficient power to detect differences in reported pain as a primary outcome measure.
Objective: The present study was conducted to determine the effect of massage on post-cesarean pain and anxiety. Methods: The present single-blind clinical trial was conducted on 156 primiparous women undergone elective cesarean section. The participants were randomly divided into three groups, including a hand and foot massage group, a foot massage group and a control group (n ¼ 52 per group). The patients' intensity of pain, vital signs and anxiety level were measured before, immediately after and 90 min after the massage. Results: A significant reduction was observed in the intensity of pain immediately and 90 min after massage (P < 0.001). Moreover, changes in some of the physiological parameters, including blood pressure and respiration rate, were significant after massage (P < 0.001); however, this change was not significant for pulse rate. A significant reduction was also observed in the level of anxiety (P < 0.001) and a significant increase in the frequency of breastfeeding (P < 0.001) after massage. Conclusion: As an effective nursing intervention presenting no side-effects, hand and foot massage can be helpful in the management of postoperative pain and stress.