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Age Differences in Daily and Nondaily Cannabis Use in the United States, 2002–2014
Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 2018
Adult cannabis use has increased in the United States since 2002, particularly after 2007, contrasting with stable/declining trends among youth. We investigated whether specific age groups disproportionately contributed to changes in daily and nondaily cannabis use trends. Method: Participants ages 12 and older (N = 722,653) from the 2002-2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health reported past-year cannabis use frequency (i.e., daily = ≥300 days/year; nondaily = 1-299 days/year; none). Multinomial logistic regression was used to model change in past-year daily and nondaily cannabis use prevalence by age group (i.e., 12-17, 18-25, 26-34, 35-49, 50-64, ≥65), before and after 2007. Multinomial logistic regressions estimated change in relative odds of cannabis use frequency over time by age, adjusting for other sociodemographics. Results: Daily cannabis use prevalence decreased in ages 12-17 before 2007 and increased significantly across adult age categories only after 2007. Increases did not differ significantly across adult ages 18-64 and ranged between 1 and 2 percentage points. Nondaily cannabis use decreased among respondents ages 12-25 and 35-49 before 2007 and increased across adult age categories after 2007, particularly among adults 26-34 (i.e., 4.5 percentage points). Adjusted odds of daily versus nondaily cannabis use increased after 2007 for ages 12-64. Conclusions: Increases in daily and nondaily cannabis use prevalence after 2007 were specific to adult age groups in the context of increasingly permissive cannabis legislation, attitudes, and lower risk perception. Although any cannabis use may be decreasing among teens, relative odds of more frequent use among users increased in ages 12-64 since 2007. Studies should assess not only any cannabis use, but also frequency of use, to target prevention efforts of adverse effects of cannabis that are especially likely among frequent users.
Trajectories of adolescent alcohol and cannabis use into young adulthood
2007
Background Both alcohol and cannabis use carry health risks. Both are commonly initiated in adolescence. To date little research has described trajectories of adolescent cannabis or alcohol use or compared their respective consequences in young adulthood. Methods The design was a 10-year eight-wave cohort study of a state-wide community sample of 1943 Victorians initially aged 14–15 years. Moderate-and high-risk alcohol use was defined according to total weekly alcohol consumption.
Drug and alcohol dependence, 2008
AimsWe extend the literature on the association of early onset of drug use and estimated risk for developing a substance use disorder (SUD) by investigating the risk that recent-onset of alcohol and cannabis use confers for developing a substance use disorder at each chronological age of adolescence and young adulthood (12 – 21-years-old).DesignUsing 2003 data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (SAMHSA, 2004), we computed separate risk indices for developing an alcohol and cannabis use disorder for recent (prior 2 years) alcohol and cannabis users, respectively, at each age from 12- to 21-years of age, and compared estimated risk to recent–onsets users among respondents age 22-26.FindingsThe results indicated that the teenage years were strongly linked to an elevated risk status. The odds ratio (OR) of having a prior year alcohol use disorder (AUD) among recent onset alcohol users was significantly elevated for youth at ages 14, 16, 17 and 18 (range of ORs = 2.0 – 2.1) compared to the estimated risk for AUD among recent onset users aged 22-26. For cannabis, we obtained significantly elevated ORs for a cannabis use disorder (CUD) at each of teenage years (ages 12 -18; range of ORs = 3.9 – 7.2), when compared to older recent onset users (aged 22-26).ConclusionsThese data provide further epidemiological support that adolescence is a particularly vulnerable period for developing a SUD.
Journal of Cannabis Research
Background While the link between frequent cannabis use and alcohol use disorders is well documented, it is not clear whether alcohol drinkers who use cannabis less frequently are also vulnerable to alcohol use disorders. We estimate the association of frequency of past 12-months cannabis use with alcohol-associated adverse effects variables in the same time frame: alcohol dependence, heavy drinking, driving under alcohol influence, alcohol-related interpersonal problems, use after interpersonal problems, alcohol-related risky behaviors, and alcohol-related legal problems. Methods We analyzed data from U.S. individuals aged 12 to 25 years who participated in annual, cross-sectional U.S. National Surveys on Drug Use and Health from 2002 to 2014. Logistic regression models were used to examine the association of cannabis use with six alcohol-associated adverse effects variables. Frequency of cannabis use served as the primary independent variable, and were divided into four categories...
BMC public health, 2014
The use of cannabis and other illegal drugs is particularly prevalent in male young adults and is associated with severe health problems. This longitudinal study explored variables associated with the onset of cannabis use and the onset of illegal drug use other than cannabis separately in male young adults, including demographics, religion and religiosity, health, social context, substance use, and personality. Furthermore, we explored how far the gateway hypothesis and the common liability to addiction model are in line with the resulting prediction models. The data were gathered within the Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors (C-SURF). Young men aged around 20 years provided demographic, social, health, substance use, and personality-related data at baseline. Onset of cannabis and other drug use were assessed at 15-months follow-up. Samples of 2,774 and 4,254 individuals who indicated at baseline that they have not used cannabis and other drugs, respectively, in their life ...
2007
We extend prior reports about the risk of dependence on specific drugs by providing developmental-specific risk estimates for progression from first use to meeting criteria for DSM-III-R dependence upon cannabis, cocaine, or alcohol, as well as male-female differences. Methods: The data are from the National Comorbidity Survey, with a national probability sample of persons 15-44 years old in the United States, which included many respondents who used cannabis, cocaine and alcohol on at least one occasion (n = 3558, 1337, and 6149, for cannabis, cocaine, and alcohol, respectively). Survival analysis procedures provided cumulative risk estimates of progression from first use to dependence upon each drug. Results: The estimated risk of cannabis dependence among male cannabis users was 1% in the first year after first use, and reached a peak at 4% per year 2 years later, before declining. In contrast, the estimated risk of cannabis dependence among female cannabis users remained at 1% per year for 3 years, without the peak. For both male and female cocaine users, the estimated risk for developing cocaine dependence was 5 to 6% within the first year after first use. Thereafter, the estimated risk declined from the peak value, with a somewhat faster decline for females in the next 3 years after first use. For alcohol, the estimated risk period extended for many years after the first drink, with female drinkers becoming alcohol dependent at a rate of about 1% per year; with somewhat higher risk for male drinkers. For both male and female drinkers, the period of risk for developing alcohol dependence extended for a span of more than 20 years since first use; for cannabis and cocaine, the estimated period of risk was much shorter. Comment: There are male-female differences in the risk of becoming cannabis dependent during the first several years after initiation of cannabis use, less pronounced male-female differences for alcohol, and relatively smaller male-female differences for cocaine. These results should interest scientists whose focus is upon the origins of male-female differences in the occurrence of drug dependence.
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2014
Background-Limited current information on the epidemiology of lifetime alcohol and cannabis use disorders in the United States is available. Aims-To present detailed information about the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of lifetime alcohol and cannabis use disorders rates in the United States. To examine gender differences in hazard ratios for the onset of alcohol and cannabis dependence. Methods-Participants in Wave IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N=15,500, age range: 24-32) were interviewed between 2008 and 2009. Participants who exceeded screening thresholds were queried about lifetime DSM-IV alcohol and marijuana abuse and dependence symptoms. Age of substance dependence onset was queried. Results-Lifetime rates of alcohol abuse and dependence were 11.8 and 13.2 percent. Lifetime rates of cannabis abuse and dependence were 3.9 and 8.3 percent. Lifetime alcohol and cannabis dependence onset peaks were 23 and 20. Correlates of lifetime alcohol abuse included being male (OR 1.4), African-American (OR 0.7), Income in the 2 nd or 3 rd quartile (OR 0.7 and 0.6). Correlates of lifetime alcohol dependence were: being male (OR 1.8), African-American (OR 0.5), and never being married (OR 1.5), and regions outside of the west (Midwest OR 0.7, South OR 0.6, Northeast OR 0.6). Correlates of cannabis abuse and dependence were being male (OR 1.8 and 1.4).
Demographic trends among older cannabis users in the United States, 2006-13
Addiction, 2016
Background and Aims The ageing US population is providing an unprecedented population of older adults who use recreational drugs. We aimed to estimate the trends in the prevalence of past-year use of cannabis, describe the patterns and attitudes and determine correlates of cannabis use by adults age 50 years and older. Design Secondary analysis of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health survey from 2006 to 2013, a cross-sectional survey given to a nationally representative probability sample of populations living in US households. Setting USA. Participants A total of 47 140 survey respondents aged ≥ 50 years. Measures Estimates and trends of past-year use of cannabis. Findings The prevalence of past-year cannabis use among adults aged ≥ 50 increased significantly from 2006/07 to 2012/13, with a 57.8% relative increase for adults aged 50-64 (linear trend P < 0.001) and a 250% relative increase for those aged ≥ 65 (linear trend P = 0.002). When combining data from 2006 to 2013, 6.9% of older cannabis users met criteria for cannabis abuse or dependence, and the majority of the sample reported perceiving no risk or slight risk associated with monthly cannabis use (85.3%) or weekly use (79%). Past-year users were more likely to be younger, male, non-Hispanic, not have multiple chronic conditions and use tobacco, alcohol or other drugs compared with non-past-year cannabis users. Conclusions The prevalence of cannabis use has increased significantly in recent years among US adults aged ≥ 50 years.
Development and Psychopathology, 2013
This study examines historical variation in individual trajectories of heavy drinking and marijuana use from age 18 to 22. Unlike most studies that have examined cohort differences in drug use, it focuses on differences in both level of use and rates of change (growth). Nearly 39,000 youths from the high school classes of 1976-2004 were surveyed at biennial intervals between the ages of 18 and 22 as part of the national Monitoring the Future study. Between 1976 and 2004, adolescent heavy drinking decreased substantially. However, because the age 18-22 heavy drinking growth rate increased three-fold for males and six-fold for females during this period, heavy drinking among 21 to 22 year olds remained largely stable. The growth rate for marijuana use was more stable across cohorts, and historical declines in use were sizable across the entire 18-22 age-band. Generally, historical variation in use was unrelated to college status and living arrangements as well as to historical changes in the distribution of young adult social roles. Findings suggest that historical fluctuations in use were less the result of proximal young adult factors and more the result of historical variation in distal adolescent factors, the effect of which diminished with ageespecially for heavy drinking.
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2007
Background: Previous studies have described trends in marijuana use in the US and examined age-period-cohort (APC) effects finding increased lifetime use among cohorts born after 1945. However, no studies have utilized data on current consumption in multiple cross-sectional surveys to estimate these factors. Methods: Age-period-cohort models including demographic factors are estimated using logistic regressions in four US National Alcohol Surveys (NAS) conducted between 1984 and 2000. Trends in past year marijuana use are also evaluated. Results: Marijuana use declined over the study period from 10% to 7.2% of the population. Declines were mainly seen among men, resulting in a degree of gender convergence, particularly for those aged 18-25. Significant effects of age, period and cohort were found, with steep declines in use by age from the early 20s to the 40s. All male cohorts born after 1945 and female cohorts born between 1945 and 1960 showed elevated prevalence compared to earlier cohorts. Conclusions: Trend results from the NAS differ from those in other surveys and indicate decreased prevalence of past year marijuana use and gender convergence. APC results confirm past findings of age effects and cohort differences between those born before and after 1945. Marijuana use presents many measurement difficulties and future research to understand differences across surveys is needed.