In vitro propagation, clonal fidelity and phytochemical analysis of Rhodiola imbricata Edgew: a rare trans-Himalayan medicinal plant (original) (raw)
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Sustainable Development and Biodiversity
Medicinal plants are source of several valuable drugs known as natural products or secondary metabolites. Only a handful of medicinal plants are cultivated while most of them are still collected from wild. Due to the high demand for these products, over-exploitation resulted in endangering the species, loss of biodiversity, adulteration of plant materials and products, and the effect on ecosystem. Plants and plant products are used in many traditional medicines for several centuries. To meet the demand of raw plant material for direct use or industrial use, agrotechnologies have been developed for several medicinal plants, alternative biotechnologies (micropropagation, production in cell cultures grown in shake flasks and bioreactor, transfer of gene/s in plant and microbes, modification of biosynthetic pathways, etc.) and microbial production system have been attempted. Understanding seed and floral biology, development of agrotechnologies and introduction into new habitat may improve the availability of raw medicinal plant material associated with the improved downstream process can affect high recovery. Similarly, the use of sophisticated detection methods, high throughput screening methods, genomics and proteomics can through light on genes involved, types of biomolecules, and new sources of known drugs. Biotechnological methods (elicitation, immobilization, cloning of selected strains, hairy root cultures, and gene manipulation) including gene editing can help in improvement in the production system. With ever-increasing population and reliability of herbal medicine, demand for medicinal plants continues to increase; hence, domestication of plants along with new technologies is a demand of time to meet the challenge of supply of uniform raw material. This brief overview presents state of research on medicinal plants and their products.
Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 2014
Approximately 80% of the world inhabitants depend on the medicinal plants in the form of traditional formulations for their primary health care system well as in the treatment of a number of diseases since the ancient time. Many commercially used drugs have come from the information of indigenous knowledge of plants and their folk uses. Linking of the indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants to modern research activities provides a new reliable approach, for the discovery of novel drugs much more effectively than with random collection. Increase in population and increasing demand of plant products along with illegal trade are causing depletion of medicinal plants and many are threatened in natural habitat. Plant tissue culture technique has proved potential alternative for the production of desirable bioactive components from plants, to produce the enough amounts of plant material that is needed and for the conservation of threatened species. Different plant tissue culture systems ...
in vitro micropropagation protocol for B. chitria has been developed. Seeds were initially inoculated on water agar medium; contamination-free green seeds were transferred to Woody Plant Medium (WPM) with 78.89% seed germination. Initially, maximum multiple shoots (8.30±1.0) per explant were observed in WPM supplemented with 6-benzyl adenine (BA)+α-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (8.88+1.34 µM). The shoot multiplication rate was increased up to 22.89±2.51 shoots per explant on successive subculture but shoot necrosis and concomitant decrease in shoot height was the big problem. Incorporation of casein hydrolysate (CH; 500 mg/L) and gibberellic acid (1.44 µM) in shoot multiplication medium not only facilitated shoot height, but the number of shoots per explant also increased without any necrosis. Microshoots were exposed to auxins in two different ways. The highest rooting percentage (100%) was observed after 8 weeks on WPM supplemented with indol butyric acid (IBA; 100 µM) for 7 days with 5.92±0.36 roots per microshoot. Well-rooted plants were transferred to thermacol pots containing nonsterile, sieved soil and farmyard manure and hardened successfully. This study also provides evidences that the methanolic extract of in vitro raised plants have strong antioxidant activities and higher phenol content than naturally grown plants.
2018
Tissue culture technology is potent and has opened extensive areas of research for micropropogation, secondary metabolite production and biodiversity conservation. Plant in vitro regeneration is a biotechnological tool that offers a tremendous potential solution for the propagation of endangered and superior genotypes of medicinal plants which could be released to their natural habitat or cultivated on a large scale for the pharmaceutical product of interest. Tissue culture protocols have been developed for a wide range of medicinal plants, which includes endangered, rare and threatened plant species. A review highlighting various in vitro protocols developed for some of the endangered medicinal species has been done to highlight the significance of plant tissue cuture in cases where regeneration through conventional methods is difficult to undertake and species are left with low population in the wild. Thus in vitro cell and tissue culture methodology is envisaged as a mean for ger...
A Review: Tissue Culturing of Important Medicinal Plants
The genetic biodiversity of traditional medicinal plants is under a continuous threat due to over exploitation environment unfriendly harvesting and loss of growth habitat and unmonitored trade of medicinal plants. Many Endangered plants are tissue cultured by callus growth and somatic embryogenesis. So tissue culture is a best way to conserve the medicinal plant and also the mass production of the medicinal plants. In the present days many medicinal plants are produce in in vitro conditions. By this techniques the desired characteristics are also attain. The productions of secondary metabolites by the plants are also done easily by tissue culture. The genetic transformation is also done by tissue culture.
The Scientific World Journal, 2012
Twenty-three pharmaceutically important plants, namely,Elaeocarpus spharicus,Rheum emodi,Indigofera tinctoria,Picrorrhiza kurroa,Bergenia ciliata,Lavandula officinalis,Valeriana wallichii,Coleus forskohlii,Gentiana kurroo,Saussurea lappa,Stevia rebaudiana,Acorus calamus,Pyrethrum cinerariaefolium,Aloe vera,Bacopa monnieri,Salvia sclarea,Glycyrrhiza glabra,Swertia cordata,Psoralea corylifolia,Jurinea mollis,Ocimum sanctum,Paris polyphylla, andPapaver somniferum, which are at the verge of being endangered due to their overexploitation and collection from the wild, were successfully establishedin vitro. Collections were made from the different biodiversity zones of India including Western Himalaya, Northeast Himalaya, Gangetic plain, Western Ghats, Semiarid Zone, and Central Highlands. Aseptic cultures were raised at the morphogenic level of callus, suspension, axillary shoot, multiple shoot, and rooted plants. Synseeds were also produced from highly proliferating shoot cultures ofBaco...
Medicinal Plants - Recent Advances in Research and Development
2016
Plant secondary metabolites have been extensively used in the treatment of many diseases and have served as compounds of interest, both in their natural form and as templates for synthetic modifi cation. With the help of the traditional knowledge, indigenous people try to derive therapeutic materials from thousands of plants; however, their safety and effi cacy remain a vital concern. Natural productbased drug discovery involves the identifi cation of new chemical entities (NCEs) of potential therapeutic interest through chemical synthesis or isolation from natural sources. Although some of these drugs have entered the international pharmacopeia through the study of ethnopharmacology and traditional medicine, they are very small in number. It is because of limitations with the availability of proper guidelines for standardization, manufacture, and quality control, which are required for herbal medicinal products. Data regarding the safety and effi cacy needs to be generated from preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies. A better understanding of pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of phytopharmaceuticals can be of immense help in designing the rational dosage regimens. Based on the preclinical pharmacokinetic data, suitable formulations may be developed to ensure optimum effi cacy and safety. In this article, the authors would like to share their research experiences about various aspects of pharmacokinetics, which need to be addressed to generate reliable data on safety and effi cacy of herbal drugs. This information would be helpful in designing rationalized preclinical pharmacokinetic studies.
A review on in vitro propagation of medicinal plants
Akinik publication, 2018
Justicia adhatoda, usually known as malabar nut, Adulsa, Adhatoda, Vasa, Vasaka. In tribal name of Justicia adhatoda known as KALA BASA (Encyclopedia, 2013). It is a medicinal plant native to Asia widely used in ayurveda, homeopathy, unani and siddha medicines. Curing of diseases through medicinal plants is one of the oldest human practices and several traditional clinical procedures have been deputed using many plant species. From the last few decades, several hurdles related to the research for novel drugs from natural products have been overcome through the use of new technologies, from pharmaceutical approaches, including the integration of meta-bolomics and genomics approaches to develop traditional methods of studying. The use of the plant for therapeutic purpose, whether in the treatment or natural nutritional products. This has allowed the development of herbal medicines with safety, efficacy and quality which stand out in the international pharmaceutical market. In the mid of 1981 and 2010, 34% of novel herbal drugs and medicines approved by US Food and Drugs Administration were based on molecules or direct derivatives from natural products, including statins, anticancer, antimicrobial and immunosuppressant. Globally, the herbal medicines market trades spreading around $20 billion every year. The plant's range includes Sri-Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Malaysia and China as well as Panama where it is thought to have been introduced.