3D Printing of Personalized Artificial Bone Scaffolds (original) (raw)
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Translation of three-dimensional printing of ceramics in bone tissue engineering and drug delivery
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Three-dimensional printing has opened up new perspectives in bone substitution, facilitating the production of customized scaffolds. The advances of the last few years have placed this technology at the forefront of personalized medicine and virtual surgical planning. This article presents an overview of additive MRS Bulletin Article Template Author Name/Issue Date 2 manufacturing of bioceramics for bone regeneration, covering both the additive manufacturing methods and the consolidation strategies that can be applied. We highlight the main progress made in recent years, with an insight into drug delivery applications and the advances in the translation of this technology to the biomedical industry and the clinics. Furthermore, the main challenges and future trends of this new medical technology are identified and discussed.
Additive Manufacturing of Novel Ceramic-Based Composite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering
2020
IV The author conducted a portion of the experimental work; optimisation of the printing parameters of the scaffolds; mechanical characterisation; and writing of some sections of the initial draft. 1.1.1 Synthetic scaffolds for BTE Critical-sized bone defects, commonly in the range of 1-4.5 cm are generally repaired by synthetic grafts known as scaffolds (Schemitsch, 2017). To overcome the shortcomings of natural bone scaffolds, a permanent, reliable, sustainable, and holistic solution is required to heal and repair critical-sized bone defects. Synthetic bone scaffolds play an imperative role in BTE and can mimic the natural bone ECM by facilitating and providing a 3D network for regenerating the bone for critical defects. The synthetic bone scaffolds can be classified into three broad categories. This classification primarily depends on the fracture sites, as illustrated in Fig. 1.2. Of late, 3D printing has emerged as an efficient solution to the fabrication of scaffolds for BTE, as it allows custom-designed scaffolds suitable to the defect. Various fabrication techniques allow superior control of parameters, such as pore size, porosity, surface roughness, and mechanical properties of the scaffolds to better suit the anatomy of the patient's defective bone. Synthetic bone grafts manufactured by AM technologies can also be integrated with active biomolecules. They can influence bone growth by acting on the antagonist of bone marker genes and enhancing its proliferation. Most synthetic grafts are natural bone matrix (ECM) or βTCP scaffolds infused with bioactive molecules. Some of these products include rh-BMP-2 [Infuse® bone graft] (Ho-Shui-Ling et al., 2018), rh-BMP-7 [Osigraft] (Ho-Shui-Ling et al., 2018), rh-PDGF [Augment® bone graft] (Krell et al., 2016), rhBMP-6 + whole blood coagulum [Osteogrow] (Genera Research Ltd, 2014), and allograft-derived growth factor [Osteoamp] (Ho-Shui-Ling et al., 2018). These bone grafts are mainly used for cervical and lumbar spine, wrist, ankle, and grim fractures of femur and tibia, where the fracture size is between 2 to 4 cm. The last category of scaffolds relies on the delivery of cells encapsulated on cell-based scaffolds (Bolander et al., 2017). The commonly used stem cells are PDSCs, BMSCs, and ASCs. The "as-prepared" construct can be further nourished and developed in a bioreactor system to reach a more advanced stage (Ho-Shui-Ling et al., 2018), in which a 3D network is established that stimulates the entrapped stem cells to develop into new tissue or heal the defect site (Ingber et al., 2006). Stem cell therapies, combined with an allogenic graft matrix or HAP matrix usually heal critical size defects greater than 4 cm by
Three-dimensional printing of porous ceramic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 2005
This article reports a new process chain for custom-made three-dimensional (3D) porous ceramic scaffolds for bone replacement with fully interconnected channel network for the repair of osseous defects from trauma or disease. Rapid prototyping and especially 3D printing is well suited to generate complex-shaped porous ceramic matrices directly from powder materials. Anatomical information obtained from a patient can be used to design the implant for a target defect. In the 3D printing technique, a box filled with ceramic powder is printed with a polymer-based binder solution layer by layer. Powder is bonded in wetted regions. Unglued powder can be removed and a ceramic green body remains. We use a modified hydroxyapatite (HA) powder for the fabrication of 3D printed scaffolds due to the safety of HA as biocompatible implantable material and efficacy for bone regeneration. The printed ceramic green bodies are consolidated at a temperature of 1250°C in a high temperature furnace in ambient air. The polymeric binder is pyrolysed during sintering. The resulting scaffolds can be used in tissue engineering of bone implants using patient-derived cells that are seeded onto the scaffolds.This article describes the process chain, beginning from data preparation to 3D printing tests and finally sintering of the scaffold. Prototypes were successfully manufactured and characterized. It was demonstrated that it is possible to manufacture parts with inner channels with a dimension down to 450 m and wall structures with a thickness down to 330 m. The mechanical strength of dense test parts is up to 22 MPa.
International Journal of Nanomedicine
Recent developments in three-dimensional (3D) printing technology offer immense potential in fabricating scaffolds and implants for various biomedical applications, especially for bone repair and regeneration. As the availability of autologous bone sources and commercial products is limited and surgical methods do not help in complete regeneration, it is necessary to develop alternative approaches for repairing large segmental bone defects. The 3D printing technology can effectively integrate different types of living cells within a 3D construct made up of conventional micro-or nanoscale biomaterials to create an artificial bone graft capable of regenerating the damaged tissues. This article reviews the developments and applications of 3D printing in bone tissue engineering and highlights the numerous conventional biomaterials and nanomaterials that have been used in the production of 3D-printed scaffolds. A comprehensive overview of the 3D printing methods such as stereolithography (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and ink-jet 3D printing, and their technical and clinical applications in bone repair and regeneration has been provided. The review is expected to be useful for readers to gain an insight into the state-of-the-art of 3D printing of bone substitutes and their translational perspectives.
Bone Tissue Engineering through 3D Bioprinting of Bioceramic Scaffolds: A Review and Update
Life
Trauma and bone loss from infections, tumors, and congenital diseases make bone repair and regeneration the greatest challenges in orthopedic, craniofacial, and plastic surgeries. The shortage of donors, intrinsic limitations, and complications in transplantation have led to more focus and interest in regenerative medicine. Structures that closely mimic bone tissue can be produced by this unique technology. The steady development of three-dimensional (3D)-printed bone tissue engineering scaffold therapy has played an important role in achieving the desired goal. Bioceramic scaffolds are widely studied and appear to be the most promising solution. In addition, 3D printing technology can simulate mechanical and biological surface properties and print with high precision complex internal and external structures to match their functional properties. Inkjet, extrusion, and light-based 3D printing are among the rapidly advancing bone bioprinting technologies. Furthermore, stem cell therap...
3D-Printing for Critical Sized Bone Defects: Current Concepts and Future Directions
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The management and definitive treatment of segmental bone defects in the setting of acute trauma, fracture non-union, revision joint arthroplasty, and tumor surgery are challenging clinical problems with no consistently satisfactory solution. Orthopaedic surgeons are developing novel strategies to treat these problems, including three-dimensional (3D) printing combined with growth factors and/or cells. This article reviews the current strategies for management of segmental bone loss in orthopaedic surgery, including graft selection, bone graft substitutes, and operative techniques. Furthermore, we highlight 3D printing as a technology that may serve a major role in the management of segmental defects. The optimization of a 3D-printed scaffold design through printing technique, material selection, and scaffold geometry, as well as biologic additives to enhance bone regeneration and incorporation could change the treatment paradigm for these difficult bone repair problems.
3D printing of bone tissue engineering scaffolds
Bioactive Materials, 2020
Tissue engineering is promising in realizing successful treatments of human body tissue loss that current methods cannot treat well or achieve satisfactory clinical outcomes. In scaffold-based bone tissue engineering, a high performance scaffold underpins the success of a bone tissue engineering strategy and a major direction in the field is to produce bone tissue engineering scaffolds with desirable shape, structural, physical, chemical and biological features for enhanced biological performance and for regenerating complex bone tissues. Three-dimensional (3D) printing can produce customized scaffolds that are highly desirable for bone tissue engineering. The enormous interest in 3D printing and 3D printed objects by the science, engineering and medical communities has led to various developments of the 3D printing technology and wide investigations of 3D printed products in many industries, including biomedical engineering, over the past decade. It is now possible to create novel bone tissue engineering scaffolds with customized shape, architecture, favorable macro-micro structure, wettability, mechanical strength and cellular responses. This article provides a concise review of recent advances in the R & D of 3D printing of bone tissue engineering scaffolds. It also presents our philosophy and research in the designing and fabrication of bone tissue engineering scaffolds through 3D printing.
Advances on Bone Substitutes through 3D Bioprinting
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2020
Reconstruction of bony defects is challenging when conventional grafting methods are used because of their intrinsic limitations (biological cost and/or biological properties). Bone regeneration techniques are rapidly evolving since the introduction of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting. Bone tissue engineering is a branch of regenerative medicine that aims to find new solutions to treat bone defects, which can be repaired by 3D printed living tissues. Its aim is to overcome the limitations of conventional treatment options by improving osteoinduction and osteoconduction. Several techniques of bone bioprinting have been developed: inkjet, extrusion, and light-based 3D printers are nowadays available. Bioinks, i.e., the printing materials, also presented an evolution over the years. It seems that these new technologies might be extremely promising for bone regeneration. The purpose of the present review is to give a comprehensive summary of the past, the present, and future developme...
Acta Biomaterialia, 2011
This article reviews the current state of knowledge concerning the use of powder-based three-dimensional printing (3DP) for the synthesis of bone tissue engineering scaffolds. 3DP is a solid free-form fabrication (SFF) technique building up complex open porous 3D structures layer by layer (a bottom-up approach). In contrast to traditional fabrication techniques generally subtracting material step by step (a top-down approach), SFF approaches allow nearly unlimited designs and a large variety of materials to be used for scaffold engineering. Today's state of the art materials, as well as the mechanical and structural requirements for bone scaffolds, are summarized and discussed in relation to the technical feasibility of their use in 3DP. Advances in the field of 3DP are presented and compared with other SFF methods. Existing strategies on material and design control of scaffolds are reviewed. Finally, the possibilities and limiting factors are addressed and potential strategies to improve 3DP for scaffold engineering are proposed.