REMOVAL OF HARDNESS (CA2+, MG2+) AND ALKALINITY FROM GROUND WATER BY LOW COST ACTIVATED CARBON USING EICCHORNIA CRASSIPES PLANT (original) (raw)
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Handbook of Environmental Materials Management, 2019
With an increasing level of pollution leading to quality deterioration, water quality assessment and remediation is becoming one of the thrust areas of research internationally. In acknowledgment of this, a preliminary investigation was done under the topic "Studies on Water Quality of Mokokchung District, Nagaland, India and Removal of Trace Elements Using Activated Carbon Prepared from Locally Available Bio-Waste" which has now come to form the subject matter of this project. Two aspects of study were taken up which include physicochemical analysis of water quality of Mokokchung district and also studies on the use of activated carbon for removal of trace elements. Accordingly, the studies on the quality of water of Mokokchung district have been presented as one full chapter. Again, the work on synthesis of activation carbon using two different adsorbents has been discussed. Studies of their application in removal of trace elements like Pb has been done using batch adsorption technique which includes effects of various experimental parameters such as initial concentration, contact time, and pH. Adsorption data fitted well with all the adsorption isotherm models. However, Freundlich isotherm displayed a better fitting model; this indicates the applicability of multilayer coverage of the Pb (II) on the surface of adsorbent. The adsorption kinetics was studied using four simplified models, and it was found to follow the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption mechanism was found to be chemisorption and the rate-limiting step was mainly surface adsorption.
Application of Activated Carbon in the Treatment of Domestic Effluent: A Comparative Analysis
The lives of humans and animals are affected straight by the amount of harmful substances in water streams. Municipal wastewaters contains dissolved pollutant can therefore contaminate water resources and causes grave water/ environmental problem. In the current study, sorption capacities of Coconut Shell, Corn Cobs, Rice husk and Sugarcane Bagasse were examined for the treatment of domestic wastewater. The percent removal of Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand and Turbidity increases with increase in impregnation ration and temperature. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were employed to the obtained data to check for fitness of the models. The percentage removal for Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand and Turbidity for Rice Husk are 89%, 100% and 100%, Sugarcane Bagasse: 89%, 100% and 100%, Coconut Shell: 78%, 97% and 70% and Corn Cobs: 78%, 97% and 63% respectively. A Langmuir and Freundlich model adequately fits the adsorption data with coefficient of determination (R 2) near unity. The present data confirms that activated carbon from Rice Husk, Sugarcane Bagasse, Coconut Shell and Corn Cobs may be used as effective adsorbent for treatment pollutant from aqueous solutions.
The study involved a laboratory experiment on the use of Eicchornia crassipes in the phytoremediation of a stream polluted by waste water from Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company. The physiochemical characteristics of the waste water were determined before and after the treatment. The experiment lasted for three weeks and the rate of reduction was recorded. The highest rate of mean reduction were for heavy metals accounting 99.0%, 95.0%, 96.3%, 100%, 99.3% and 94.3% of Cd, Hg, Zn, Mn, Pb and Ag respectively. Other physiochemical parameters include Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 90%, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 54.3%, Nitrate 86.3%, Biochemical Oxygen demand (BOD) 13.7%, Conductivity 11%, Total suspended Solids (TSS) 55.7%, Turbidity 18%, 87% Total Solids (TS) and the pH 4%. Ecchornia crassipes is a suitable candidate for effective phytoremediation of water from Romi stream. Keyword
Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 2021
This review article addresses the use of biological activated carbon in water treatment and its techniques for its development, with the premise of analyzing the potential of Activated Carbon (AC) in the treatment of water for human consumption. For this end, it aims to identify the techniques used for the production of AC, use and its benefits, production from vegetable waste for water treatment. Activated carbon has the ability to selectively collect gases, liquids and impurities inside its pores, which is the reason it is widely used in filtration systems and for that the treatment of water, the coal fulfills the function of adsorbent, retaining in its pores certain types of impurities: large particles that cause undesirable color, taste or odor in the water. In the treatment of effluents, coal is used for clarification, deodorization and purification of effluents.
2020
Water pollution is increasing due to the different factors such as population growth, large-scale urbanization, deforestation, and unethical activities in the river or other sources of water. Various experts have been working in the field of the preparation of activated carbon from renewable energy including cost-effective technologies and products in an eco-friendly manner for various applications. This review article discusses methodologies utilized by various experts for the preparation of activated carbon for the abatement of water pollution. Biomass such as coconut shell, Moringaoleifera seed, Peanut shell, Pomegranate peel, Rice husk, Lemon shell, Banana peel, and Orange Peel are found extremely helpful in the field of treatment of the contaminated water. The reviewed literature showed that the Biomass can be isolates pollutants from contaminated water through physical, mechanical, and biological techniques and removes various physicochemical pollutants such as pH, color, DO, ...
Enhancing Produced Water Quality Using Modified Activated Carbon
2016
The formation produced water from natural gas production process in the North field offshore considered largest volume of waste water in Qatar, which could be considered a potential benefits source for the industry as well as for other domestic uses if it was treated properly, taking in to consideration economical cost and conditions aspects. This project aims to study the physical and chemical characterizations of the produced water associated with natural gas from the North field, in the same time examine the removal of major inorganic and organic pollutants and heavy metals from the produced water by using different treatment method such as the use of sand filtration, activated carbon filtration and modified activated carbon filtration. Samples of produced water were collected from the North field offshore gas production platforms and analyzed to examine the physical and chemical characterizations of the produced water, the result were compared with the chemical composition of other field produced water, the concentration were within the range among other field except for sulfide and treatment chemical production (additive chemicals) concentrations. The average results briefly showing that, pH , COD, TOC, BOD, conductivity, sulfide, oil and grease (HEM) and total nitrogen parameters as follows: 4.43 , 10496.6 mg/l , 2405 mg/l , 1034 mg/l 7035 µs/cm ,326.3 mg/l ,40.5 mg/l, 47.4 mg/l respectively. Also the study includes other characterizations such as organic acids, phenolic, B.T.E.X, production Chemicals (Additive Chemicals), inorganic anions, metals and cations and the average values of the B.T.E.X (Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene and Xylene) were found as the following 11170 ppb, 278.1 ppb, 4648.6 ppb and 1156.8 ppb respectively. After the sand filtration (SF) the removal efficiency of the TSS , COD, acetate, propionate, corrosion inhibitor and TN (total nitrogen) parameters were the following 77.5% ,10.1%, 7.82 %, 4.5%, 94.1% and 63.7 % respectively. Meanwhile, the removal efficiency of the B.T.E.X (Benzene, Ethyl Benzene and Xylene) found as the follows: 93.14%, 99.8% and 96.7% except for Toluene was 27.6%. The highest removal efficiency for the metals and cations was for iron, chromium and manganese were as the follows 99.5%, 97.5% and 95.8% respectively. Activated carbon filtration was found to be more efficient to remove COD and TOC with 23.7% and 30.7% respectively among the three media. Regarding the removal efficiency of the Activated Carbon for the organic acid was the highest for the acetate and propionate with 83.6% and 88.7% respectively and for the inorganic ions-phosphate the removal efficiency was 94.9%. Also the AC showed removal for some metals such as zinc, copper, boron, nickel, iron and chromium and highest removal efficiency more than 97% for the all B.T.E.X compound except for the Ethyl benzene was 76.9%. Modified Activated Carbon was found to be more efficient to reduce the TOC with 31.1% whereas the COD concentration increased by 12.6%. MAC showed also removal efficiency for the inorganic ions phosphate and sulphate with 94.9 and 48.4% respectively. For the metals, MAC was more efficient than the AC to reduce the zinc, molybdenum and boron concentration and less efficient than AC to reduce copper and acetate (Organic acid), Regarding the B.T.E.X removal efficiency is similar to AC more than 98% except for the Ethyl benzene which was 92.3% higher than AC 76.9%.
The main problem of the locality is the drinking water certain health problems are associated with people living in hills that are because of the presence of excess of ions and other impurities. The present study was conducted to analyze the some physicochemical parameters and removal of ions using Phyllanthus emblica adsorbent for purification of ground water for drinking purpose. In present study various dose of Phyllanthus emblica carbon are taken and checked for the efficiency dose on ground water. After treatment of water sample with Phyllanthus emblica carbon were analyzed for different parameters like TDS, Mg2+, Ca2+, Alkalinity, electrical conductivity all parameters were reduced with increased dose of Phyllanthus emblica carbon.
The preparation of activated carbon from agroforestry waste for wastewater treatment
African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2012
The scope of this study was to produce activated carbon from local agroforestry wastes (marula fruit stones, jackalberry seeds, eembe seeds, efukwa shells and eembu seeds) and assess the efficiency of the produced carbons in removing dyes and metal ions from wastewater. Preparation of activated carbons from efukwa shells, marula fruit stones, jackalberry seeds, eembe seeds and eembu seeds are described in this study. The carbons were chemically activated by treatment with 50% phosphoric acid. The dyes tested in this study were methylene blue and methyl orange and the metal ions tested were lead and zinc. The carbons produced in this study were compared to commercially powdered activated carbon (PAC) and granular activated carbon (GAC). In case of Lead ion and Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) produced, the removal efficiency for Eembe, Eembu and Jackalberry was 100%, so as for the commercial powdered activated carbon, 100%. In case of Lead ion and granular activated carbon (GAC) produced, the removal efficiency for Eembu and Marula was 100% and for the commercial granular activated carbon was also 100%. In case of Zinc ion and granular activated carbon (GAC) produced, the removal efficiency for Eembu was 91% and Eembe had zero removal and for the commercial granular activated carbon was 89%. In case of Zinc ion and powdered activated carbon (PAC) produced, the removal efficiency for Eembe, Eembu and Efukwa was around 60%, while the powdered activated carbon (PAC) produced from Jackalberry and Marula had zero removal and for the commercial powdered activated carbon (PAC) the removal was 90%. In case of methyl orange dye and powdered activated carbon (PAC) produced, the removal efficiency for Eembu, Marula and Efukwa was 84% and for the commercial powdered activated carbon was 92%. In case of methyl orange dye and granular activated carbon produced, the removal efficiency for Eembu and Marula was 78% and for the commercial granular activated carbon was 87.5%. In case of methylene blue dye and powdered activated carbon (PAC) produced, the removal efficiency for Jackalberry, 84.4%; Marula, 83% and Eembe was 81.3 % and for the commercial powdered activated carbon was 84.4%. In case of methylene blue dye and granular activated carbon (GAC) produced, the removal efficiency for Jackalberry, 83%; Eembu was 81.25% and for the commercial granular activated carbon was 92.2%. The effectiveness of the produced activated carbon in most of the cases is comparable and in some cases equivalent to that of the commercial carbons.
DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT
In the present study, design parameters for a filter to remove groundwater hardness were investigated. Water hardness has a significant impact on groundwater, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, leading to wasted investments in borehole drilling and worsening accessibility to potable water. In many developing countries, groundwater is the main source of drinking water. In this study, low cost and readily available cashew nut shells activated carbons (CNSAC) were used to remove hardness from groundwater in a column setting. The recommended design parameters for the packed-bed column were as follows: area (A) of 265.0 cm 2 and diameter (d) of 18.4 cm, at a flow rate (Q) of 75.0 cm 3 min-1. For the field hard water at a flow rate of 2.0 mL min-1 , the recommended empty bed contact time was 70.7 min whereas the breakthrough time was about 430.0 min. Also for field hard water, the results showed that competing ions in the groundwater lowered the materials adsorption capacity. Results from this study indicated that CNSAC may be used to adequately remove groundwater hardness. Using these results, a filter was designed. The designed water hardness filter, which will be scaled up for point-of-use applications, may provide the much-needed solution to many people in most developing countries where similar field conditions prevail.