Eruption Hazard and Challenges of Volcanic Crisis Management on a Small Island: A Case (original) (raw)
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GeoJournal, 2020
Gamalama is an active stratovolcano on Ternate, a small volcanic island in Maluku Utara, Indonesia. Since 1510, a total of 77 eruptions have been recorded, with various impacts on the population and environment on the island and its surroundings. In July 2015, Gamalama erupted after \ 24 h of precursor signs. The seismic activity continued to increase until September 2015, as marked by three sudden eruptions that were not preceded by significant volcanic and tremor earthquakes. This research was intended to understand the chronology and impact of the 2015 Gamalama eruption, which is categorically unusual, and to learn how the government conducted relevant crisis management and in what manners the community affected by ejected materials reacted to it. The former was achieved by analyzing the data provided by the Gamalama volcano observatory. As for the latter, interviews with key stakeholders in volcanic disaster management and a questionnairebased survey involving 85 respondents in the most affected areas were conducted. The results showed that despite the relatively small Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI = 2), the 2015 eruption was rather unexpected to many parties because it began with a shortterm precursor sign (less than a day). The impact included tephra deposits as thick as 2-6 mm was in the Loto, Togafo, and Takome Villages. A total of 1791 people was recorded evacuating to several locations, such as Afe Taduma village, the SMKN 2 camp, the SKB camp, and the Naval Base camp. After a rapid impact assessment and coordination with the Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM), the government issued a status of emergency and evacuation orders. In cases when eruptions are initiated with a short-term precursor, the large population size and geographic condition of Ternate Island create a particular challenge in the resultant evacuation. Nevertheless, with prior mitigation measures and evacuation drills in hazard zones, evacuation can be carried out effectively. Even when a large-scale Gamalama eruption requires an evacuation to neighboring islands, a properly implemented mitigation such as the establishment of sister islands can substantially facilitate volcanic crisis management activities on small islands.
Handbook for Volcanic Risk Management: an outcome from MIAVITA project
Ground deformation Chemical monitoring Acoustic monitoring Ground Based Cameras 20. Satellite-based remote sensing monitoring Optical sensors and their applications Synthetic Aperture Radar sensors and their applications 21. Data transmission 22. Scientific-operational interface References and suggested readings Communications References and suggested readings 30. Scientific support and advice Role of scientific community Communication 31. Civil protection activities during emergencies Civil protection actions before the eruption Civil protection actions during the eruption Civil protection activities after the eruption Recovery examples References and suggested readings Box 1-The WebGIS of Mount Cameroon Box-The Geophysical Instrument for Low power Data Acquisition (GILDA) Box 3-Gas emission during the 2010 Merapi eruption Box 4-Examples of acoustic monitoring systems Box 5-Eyjafjallajökull eruption from optical satellite images Box 6-A SAR application during the 2010 eruption of Merapi Box 7-Communications for real time monitoring: the Fogo volcano example Box 8-Scientific-operational interface: the Italian example Box 9-The importance of geological field studies for hazard assessment Box 10-The civil protection system of Cameroon and the role of National Risk Observatory Box 11-Damage to monitoring networks Box 12-Raising of alert levels during the 2010 eruption of Merapi Box 13-Socialization phase in Indonesia Box 14-Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction activities at Kanlaon Box 15-Assessing risk perception at Merapi before and during the 2010 eruption Box 16-Socioeconomic influence on people's awareness: a view from Fogo volcano Box 17-Assessing people vulnerability and cope capacity at Mount Cameroon Box 18-Urban planning for risk reduction in France Box 19-Roof design loading 10 preface This handbook aims at synthesizing the acquired knowledge in a practical and useful way to cover the main aspects of volcanic risk management, such as prevention, preparedness, mitigation, intervention, crisis management and resilience. It promotes the creation of an ideal bridge between different stakeholders involved in risk management, improving and facilitating interactions among authorities and scientists. This work is based on current scientific research and the shared experience of the different partners as well as on international good practices previously recommended. To manage volcanic risk, each country has set up its specific administrative and organisational frame. Therefore, names and roles of organizations in charge of volcanic risk management vary greatly from one country to another. Nevertheless, three major categories can be identified: political authorities and public services, civil defence agencies and specialists in crisis management and scientific institutions, possibly including universities. This handbook addresses mainly the last two categories, especially in developing countries. IntroductIon to volcanIc rIsk IntroductIon to volcanIc rIsk Historical volcanic contest Appropriate communications and messages-Local communication strategies Social and economic factors analysis Pyroclastic Density Currents burns and burial buildings and infrastructure destruction Lava flows burns destruction of buildings by fire, lateral stress or burial otheR Geo-haZaRds Lahars drowning buildings and infrastructure destruction and burial impacts on crops Gas emissions toxicity for humans and livestock, acidity and corrosion impacts on plant growth (especially roots) Sector collapses, landslides and rock falls impacts, scouring and burial Volcanic earthquakes burial under collapsed buildings building and infrastructure destruction Volcano triggered tsunamis drowning trauma by collision buildings and infrastructure destruction phenoMenon Main associated thReats IntroductIon to volcanIc rIsk 1 References and suggested readings
Understanding Disaster Risk on Volcanic Islands: a Research Agenda
2007
Disasters as a result of natural hazards are increasing in frequency and having a greater impact on populations and economies worldwide (World Bank, 2005, ISDR, 2004, Emergency Disasters Data Base). Therefore it is imperative for scientists and practitioners in hazardous areas to have a better understanding of the causes of disaster risk, and improved tools for assessing its impact on vulnerable populations.
VOLCANIC DISASTER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR PEOPLE WHO LIVED IN DISASTER PRONE II
Mt. Slamet as the second highest active volcano in Java island has fluctuation seismic activities since early in 2014. Government sets disaster prone II as the nearest area for villagers lived near to Mt. Slamet. This paper is describing the perspectives and the way of life for people who live in disaster prone II and volcanic disaster management practices for centuries. This research employed qualitative method. Sawangan hamlet and Guci village chosen as the area for this research since it's located in the prone area for lava flow. This research used in-depth interview for 29 KI's which divided into 10 KI's from local stakeholders and 19 KI's of households who lived in the two villages. Data collection was done during January to February 2016 and content analysis was done in the process of data analysis. The result found that Sawangan applied volcanic disaster management practice without any support from other parties. Volcanic disaster management means as the practices of mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery phases during the eruption of Mt. Slamet. Sawangan practices those phases based on the spiritual belief or Moslem practices on their way of life through doing jamiyahan (praise of Allah through reading Al-Qur'an and praying) in every week. This activity did also as the base meeting and coordination for all Sawangan's villagers during the response phase of Mt.Slamet's eruption. It's also influence to their decision and action for refusing to do evacuation during the eruption. In the other hand, Guci receive more support from local government in culture application as their disaster management practices. One of example culture practice is Ruwat Bumi which held in annually as their belief to safe the villager's life from the impact of Mt. Slamet's eruption. It is supportive and fully funded by the local government. The different way of life and inter-agency on mitigation phase bring two villages having different skills of disaster management's practices. However, Sawangan and Guci has their own way of life for strengthen their disaster management practices Keywords: disaster management, volcanic disaster management, way of life, Mt.Slamet, disaster prone II
Crisis Management During the 2010 Eruption of Merapi Volcano
acreditacion.fisa.cl
The last eruption of Merapi volcano which lasted from October until early December 2010 is considered to be the largest since the 1870s. This eruption had revealed a failure in the existing contingency plan. This article aims at analyzing the chronology of the 2010 Merapi crisis, evaluating the roles of different actors of crisis management and to study the community responses to volcanic disaster. Interviews with stakeholders, focus group discussions, questionnaire-based surveys, primary and secondary data collection were conducted before, during and after the 2010 eruptive crisis in the frame of the MIA VITA FP 7 project. The results show that started from November 3 rd 2010, the authorities had difficulties to respond the crisis. The main problem occurred on the night of 4 th November, when the government decided to extend the safety zone to a radius of 20 kilometers. A contingency plan might fail if the level of disaster exceeds the estimation of impacted area. Thus, contingency planning has to be adjusted for several scenarios.
Etna volcano is characterized by frequent effusive eruptions from the summit craters or from flank fissures, and these have often threatened villages, infrastructures and tourist facilities. Considerable experience of lava-flow mitigation has been gained by scientists working on this volcano, and in this paper we principally discuss the problems arising from lava flows emplaced during the 2002–03 flank eruption, when eruptive fissures opened both on the northern and southern flanks of the volcano, feeding lava flows towards several villages, tourist facilities and forests. We highlight the importance of the monitoring system to follow the spreading of eruptive fissures and predict when they stopped propagating. We illustrate the value of thermal mapping in identifying active lava flows, in measuring effusion rates to estimate the maximum distance that flows can travel, and in obtaining reliable lava-flow simulations in real time in order to predict possible paths of the lava flow and to adopt the most appropriate solutions to limit its damage. Collaborations between scientists from different institutions and fields once again proved essential to understand and model the eruptive processes, to mitigate hazards and to obtain the best results.
Volcano disaster risk management during crisis: implementation of risk communication in Indonesia
Journal of applied volcanology, 2023
Volcano disaster risk management during a crisis requires continuous and intensive risk communication with the public. However, to have the desired public response during a crisis, it is necessary to improve the community's understanding of volcanoes. Knowledge, experience, risk perception, communication, and drills shape good community responses. These require a bottom-up process of communication and involvement of the community in decisionmaking and engagement with the government. Thus, proper crisis management requires top-down and bottom-up communication and joint work between the scientists, decision-makers, and the community. The response from the community can be improved through community-based preparedness with a culturally sensitive approach that facilitates a strong relationship and participation of community members according to their customs. The Wajib Latih Penanggulangan Bencana (WLPB: Compulsory Disaster Management Training Program) and the SISTER VILLAGE Program in the Merapi Volcano community are good examples of community-based preparation in Indonesia. An effective volcano early warning protocol includes risks analysis, volcano monitoring, hazards analysis and forecasting, dissemination of alerts and warnings, and community response according to the warning. Alert levels can also be increased during the unrest, so actions are also associated with this and not just related to the impacts of an eruption. Therefore, the alert level alone is not helpful if it is not appropriately communicated with an action plan in place to improve community awareness. Moreover, personal communication between scientists and decision-makers and between scientists and the community is essential to instill self-responsibility and a sense of belonging. Personal communication describes the trust of community members or certain decision-makers to scientists to obtain more detailed explanations of volcanic activity. Such communication is already occurring in communities that have experienced a long history of eruptions, and/or continuous eruptions, such as at Merapi and Sinabung volcanoes. The disaster management system in Indonesia includes institutions that manage science and institutions responsible for social aspects, such as evacuations, refugee handling, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. The National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA, Badan Nasional Bencana, BNPB in Bahasa Indonesia) of Indonesia coordinates all disasters to integrate management of and facilitate communication between stakeholders. In addition to a well-established system, effective and good disaster management needs to be supported by policies related to public needs before, during, and after the disaster. After disasters, a review of previous strategies is also necessary to develop a better strategy and obtain a better result. Establishing SISTER VILLAGES is an excellent strategy
Preface: Approaches and methods to improve risk management in volcanic areas
Active volcanoes can generate multiple types of geological hazards. Besides syneruptive threats (e.g., lava, pyroclastic flows or ash fall), other adverse events such as landslides or lahars can occur at any time. To manage these threats efficiently, three key objectives must be jointly addressed: (1) improving prevention tools, through the collection and acquisition of data on hazards and risks, and its dissemination as maps and scenarios; (2) improving crisis management capabilities, based on monitoring and early warning systems, but also reliable communications systems; and (3) reducing people’s vulnerability and developing recovery and resilience capabilities after an event has occurred. The special issue “Approaches and methods to improve risk management in volcanic areas” presents research results focusing on these three objectives. It demonstrates the utility of addressing them jointly, and particularly examines the case of volcanoes where little knowledge is available. These results were presented at the conference Integrated Approaches for Volcanic Risk Management (Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, 11/12 September 2012) of the European MIAVITA (MItigate and Assess risk from Volcanic Impact on Terrain and human Activities) project.
Geosciences
This paper discusses the relations between the impacts of volcanic eruptions at multiple-scales and the related-issues of disaster-risk reduction (DRR). The review is structured around local and global impacts of volcanic eruptions, which have not been widely discussed in the literature, in terms of DRR issues. We classify the impacts at local scale on four different geographical features: impacts on the drainage system, on the structural morphology, on the water bodies, and the impact on societies and the environment. It has been demonstrated that information on local impacts can be integrated into four phases of the DRR, i.e., monitoring, mapping, emergency, and recovery. In contrast, information on the global impacts (e.g., global disruption on climate and air traffic) only fits the first DRR phase. We have emphasized the fact that global impacts are almost forgotten in the DRR programs. For this review, we have extracted case studies from Indonesia, and compared them to those of...
International Journal of GEOMATE, 2019
The purpose of this research was to determine the level of volcano eruption risk and compile a disaster risk mitigation model for the Sinabung volcano eruption. Analysis technique of volcano eruption disaster risk of Sinabung uses scoring techniques for all indicators. The volcano eruption disaster risk of Sinabung refers to eruption hazard level, vulnerability level, and disaster prevention capacity index. The level of volcano eruption hazard and vulnerability of Sinabung volcano was analyzed by GIS approach using ArcGIS 10.1 software, based on units of sub-district administration. The capacity index was analyzed based on the Hyogo Framework for Action-HFA 2005-2015. While the disaster mitigation and policy model of adaptation of volcano eruption Sinabung were analyzed with FGD and AHP. The level of volcano eruption disaster risk of Sinabung is high > 49 (614). As for the mitigation model of the eruption risk of Sinabung volcano and model of adaptation policy based on alternative priorities for disaster risk reduction has 4 main priorities, i.e: 1) Relocation for identify, assess and monitor of disaster risk and implement an early warning system; 2) Utilize of knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels; 3) Make of disaster risk reduction a priority of national and region implemented through strong institutions; and 4) the reducing of underlying factors that increase disaster risk.