Colocalization pattern of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide and parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the hippocampus proper of the chinchilla (original) (raw)
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Folia morphologica, 2009
This study provides a detailed description concerning the distribution of cocaineand amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) subunits - CART(61-102) and rhCART(28-116) - in the hippocampal formation (HF) of the guinea pig and domestic pig, focussing on the dentate gyrus (DG) and hippocampus proper (HP). Although in both studied species CART-immunoreactive (CART-IR) neuronal somata and processes were present generally in the same layers, some species-specific differences were still found. In the granular layer (GL) of both species, the ovalshaped neurons and some thick varicose fibres were encountered. In the guinea pig there was an immunoreactive "band of dots", probably representing crosssectioned terminals within the DG molecular layer (MOL), whereas in the domestic pig, some varicose fibres were detected, thus suggesting a different orientation of, at least, some nerve terminals. Furthermore, some CART-positive cells and fibres were observed in the hilus (HL) of the gui...
Bulletin of The Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, 2012
The aim of the study was to describe the distribution of cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and calcium binding proteins (CaBPs) of EF-hand family, namely calbindin, calretinin, and parvalbumin in the preoptic area (POA) of the ram. Frozen sections were processed for a routine immunofluorescence labelling. CART, calbindin, and calretinin immunoreactivity was present in neurons and fibers of the preoptic area, whereas parvalbumin showed immunoreactivity only in the POA fibers. CART displayed from a moderate to low immunoreactivity in cells and a high immunoreactivity in fibers. The highest immunoreactivity of all studied CaBPs exhibited calbindin, whereas the lowest parvalbumin. The results of the present study suggest that among the studied CaBPs, calbindin is the most likely to be involved in the participation of the important regulatory functions in the ram's POA and the rich CART innervation seems to be strictly related to its control of the reproduction.
The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 1993
Calcium binding proteins calbindin Dz8k (CaBP) and parvalbumin (PV) are known to form distinct subpopulations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAJergic neurons in the rodent hippocampal formation. Light and electron microscopic morphology and connections of these protein-containing neurons are only partly known in the primate hippocampus. In this study, CaBP and PV were localized in neurons of the human hippocampal formation including the subicular complex (prosubiculum, subiculum, and presubiculum) in order to explore to what extent these subpopulations of hippocampal neurons differ in phylogenetically distant species. CaBP immunoreactivity was present in virtually all granule cells of the dentate gyrus and in a proportion of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 and CA2 regions. A distinct population of CaBP-positive local circuit neurons was found in all layers of the dentate gyrus and Ammon's horn. Most frequently they were located in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus and the pyramidal layer of Ammon's horn. In the subicular complex pyramidal neurons were not immunoreactive for CaBP. In the prosubiculum and subiculum immunoreactive nonpyramidal neurons were equally distributed in all layers, whereas in the presubiculum they occurred mainly in the superficial layers. Electron microscopy showed typical somatic and dendritic features of the granule, pyramidal, and local circuit neurons. CaBP-positive mossy fiber terminals in the hilus of the dentate gyrus and terminals of presumed pyramidal neurons of Ammon's horn formed asymmetric synapses with dendrites and spines. CaBP-positive terminals of nonprincipal neurons formed symmetric synapses with dendrites and dendritic spines, but never with somata or axon initial segments. PV was exclusively present in local circuit neurons in both the hippocampal formation and subicular complex. Most of the PV-positive cell bodies were located among or close to the principal cell layers. However, large numbers of immunoreactive neurons were also found in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus and in strata oriens of Ammon's horn. PV-positive cells were equally distributed in all layers of the subicular complex. Electron microscopy showed the characteristic somatic and dendritic features of local circuit neurons. PV-positive axon terminals formed exclusively symmetric synapses with somata, axon initial segments and dendritic shafts, and in a few cases with dendritic spines. The CaBP-and PV-containing neurons formed similar subpopulations in rodents, monkeys, and humans, although the human hippocampus displayed the largest variability of these immunoreactive neurons in their morphology and location. Calcium binding protein-containing
The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 2004
The distribution of cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CARTp)like immunoreactivity was studied only in the rat central nervous system (CNS). In mammals, CART peptides occur among others in brain areas that control feeding behavior. We mapped CARTp-immunoreactive structures in the CNS of the frog Rana esculenta and assumed that differences may exist in the CARTp-containing neuronal populations between the frog, which does not feed in winter, and the rat. In the forebrain, immunoreactive cells and fibers were found in the olfactory bulb, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, medial pallium, septum, striatum, the preoptic nuclei, ventromedial nucleus, central thalamic nucleus, and the hypothalamus. The optic pathway was free of immunoreactivity. The neurohypophysis showed intense immunostaining. In the mesencephalon, many cells were stained in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, and a few in the optic tectum, where fibers were stained in all plexiform layers. In the retina, some cells in the inner nuclear layer contained CARTp. In the rhombencephalon, cells were stained in the raphe nuclei, central gray, nucleus of the solitary tract, and the vicinity of motor nuclei. Neurons of the motor cranial nerves were densely innervated by CARTp-positive fibers originating from the spinal cord. In the spinal cord, preganglionic cells were stained, and motoneurons were surrounded by immunoreactive varicose axon terminals. Major differences were found between the frog and the rat brains in the distribution of CARTp in the visual system, olfactory bulb, preoptic area, and the motor nuclei. Some of these differences may be related to feeding behavior of these animals.
Neuroscience, 1993
Ahatract-Calretinin-containing neurons were visualized by immunocytochemistry in the monkey hippocampal formation, subicular complex, and entorhinal cortex. Calretinin-immunoreactivity was present exclusively in non-granule cells of the dentate gyrus and in non-pyramidal cells of Ammon's horn, subiculum and entorhinal cortex. Most frequently, calretinin-positive neurons were found at the hilar border of the dentate granule cell layer and in the stratum radiatum of CAl-3 areas. In the subicular complex, immunoreactive neurons were evenly distributed in all layers, whereas in the entorhinal cortex, they were accumulated in external layers above the lamina dissecans. Distinct bands of calretinin-positive fibers occupied the supragranular zone of the molecular layer in dentate gyrus, the pyramidal cell layer of the CA2 area in Ammon's horn and the upper two layers of presubiculum. The majority of calretinin-immunoreactive neurons were small, bipolar or fusiform neurons with a dendritic tree oriented parallel to the dendrites of principal cells (granule cells in dentate gyrus and pyramidal neurons elsewhere). Dendrites were smooth or sparsely spiny, displaying small spines of conventional type. Co-existence studies showed that these neurons were completely devoid of other calcium-binding proteins, parvalbumin and calbindin.
Background: Cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), discovered initially by via differential display RT-PCR analysis of brains of rats administered cocaine, is expressed mainly in central nervous system or neuronal origin cells, and is involved in a wide range of behaviors, such as regulation of food intake, energy homeostasis, and reproduction. The hens egg-laying rate mainly depends on the developmental status of follicles, expression of CART have not been identified from hen follicles, the regulatory mechanisms of CART biological activities are still unknown. The objective of this study was to characterize the mRNA expression of CART in hen follicular granulosa cells and determine CART peptide localization and regulatory role during follicular development. Methods: Small white follicles (1-2 mm in diameter) were treated for RNA isolation; Small white follicles (1-2 mm in diameter) and large white follicles (4-6 mm in diameter) were treated for immunohistochemical localization and large white follicles (4-6 mm in diameter), small yellow follicles (6-8 mm in diameter), large yellow follicles (9-12 mm in diameter), mature follicles (F5, F4, F3, F2, F1, >12 mm in diameter) were treated for RNA isolation and Real time PCR. Results: The results showed that full length of the CDS of hen CART was 336 bp encoding a 111 amino acid polypeptide. In the hen ovary, CART peptide was primarily localized to the theca layer, but not all, the oocyte and granulosa layer, with diffused, weaker staining than relative to the theca cell layer. Further, amount of CART mRNA was more (P < 0.05) in granulosa cells of 6-8 mm follicles compared with that in granulosa cells of other follicles. However, CART mRNA amount was greater in theca cells of 4-6 mm follicles relative to follicles of other sizes (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Results suggest that CART could play a potential role in developmental regulation of chicken follicles.
Cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript pep-tides (CARTp) are neuropeptides that act as neurotrans-mitters in the brain of vertebrates. The expression of CARTp has been characterized in teleosts, amphibians, and several mammalian species, but comparative data in reptiles and birds are nonexistent. In this study, we show the distribution of immunoreactivity against CART peptides (CARTp-ir) in the brains of two bird species: the pigeon (Columba livia) and zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). We found CARTp-ir cells and terminals in the brains of both, but no major differences between the two species. As in mammals, teleost fish, and amphibians , CARTp-ir terminals and cells were abundant in subpallial regions, particularly the striatum and nucleus accumbens. We also found CARTp-ir cells and terminals in the hypothalamus, and a large number of CARTp-ir terminals in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, periaqueductal gray, parabrachial nucleus, and dorsal vagal complex. However, in contrast to other vertebrates , CARTp-ir was not found in the olfactory bulb. In addition there was almost no CARTp-ir in the pallium or the hippocampal formation, and little CARTp-ir in the cerebellum. The conserved expression of CARTp in the subpallium, hypothalamus, and dorsal vagal complex of birds suggests that some of the functions of CARTp, such as regulation of food intake and interactions with the social control network and mesolimbic reward system, are conserved among vertebrates.