Impact of social protection legislation and international treaties on Mongolia (original) (raw)
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Нийгмийн хамгаалалын эрх зүйн зохицуулалт ба Монгол улсын олон улсын гэрээний үр нөлөө
Нийгмийн хамгаалалын эрх зүйн зохицуулалт ба Монгол улсын олон улсын гэрээний үр нөлөө , 2018
Хүмүүний оршин буй өнөөгийн нийгэмд аль ч улсад зайлшгүй байх ёстой зүйл бол нийгмийн хамгаалал бөгөөд нийгмийн хамгаалалын тусламж, дэмжлэг хүн бүрт хамааралтай байдаг. Монгол Улсын эдийн засаг нь тогтворгүй, савалгаа ихтэй, үйлдвэрлэл төдийлөн хөгжиж чадаагүй, үүнээс хамааран хүн амын дотоод шилжих хөдөлгөөн болон төвлөрөл эрчимтэй явагдаж буй зэргээс хамааран амжиргааны тэгш бус байдал өсөж, албан бус хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт, нийгмийн эмзэг байдал улам бүр нэмэгдэж байгаа юм. Иймд Монгол Улсын төр болон салбар хариуцсан төрийн захиргааны төв, орон нутгийн зохих байгууллагууд нийгмийн хамгаалал, халамжийн тогтолцоог сайжруулах талаар онцгой анхаарал тавьж ажиллах шаардлага тулгарч байна. Үүний тулд Монгол Улс нийгмийн хамгааллын тогтолцоонд олсон амжилтаа урт хугацаанд хадгалах улмаар хөгжүүлэхэд төдийгүй нэгдэн орсон Монгол улсын Олон улсын гэрээ конвенцээр хүлээсэн үүргээ сахин биелүүлэх нь чухал юм.
Journal of International Studies
Between 1955 and 1964, approximately 12,000 Chinese laborers were brought to Mongolia as part of an agreement between the Mongolian People's Republic and the People's Republic of China to support the construction efforts in Mongolia. In 1955, during the negotiations for this agreement, the Mongolian representatives aimed to bring in a significant number of workers and, if feasible, to grant them the right to reside in Mongolia for an extended period, as indicated in archival documents. This article aims to clarify the reasons for this request. In the process, the agreement's contents and further implementation were assessed in connection with the foreign policies and activities of Mongolia and China. The Mongolian side's desire to grant Chinese workers the right to live in Mongolia, bring their families to Mongolia, and prevent them from sending remittances to China implied their intention to allow these workers to settle permanently and eventually become Mongolian c...
Current Russia-Mongolia relationship: models and scenarios
The book is for description of Russia-Mongolia relationship’s development possible options. The core of researching is in the study of all models and scenarios of the two countries. In the post-socialist period, Russia and Mongolia abandoned allied relationship model. It forced them to find a new model. At the moment, there are three typological models, which can potentially become the basis of bilateral relations – confrontational, allied and cooperation. Moreover, within the framework of each models are several scenarios. The book is addressed to specialists and a wide range of readers – the Orientalists, historians, political scientists, sociologists, and anyone interested in contemporary international relations studies.
Models and Scenarios of International Relations: Russia-Mongolia
The paper is an analytical search of methodological framework for bilateral relationship`s study on the example of Russian-Mongolian relations. The authors show that the theory of modeling and scenario approach both have high prognostic potential for bilateral relations studies.
Mongolia’s Foreign Policy Guidelines After the Presidential Election of 2017
ВЕСТНИК Томского государственного университета , 2020
The main aim of the article is to identify the connection between the results of the presidential election in Mongolia held in 2017 and possible changes in its foreign policy. The research sources in the study are Mongolian laws on foreign policy, the materials of the presidential campaign of 2017, official speeches and documents of President Khaltmaagiin Battulga on foreign policy, statistical data on Mongolia, and experts’ evaluation of the Mongolian President’s foreign policy activities. Located between Russia and China, Mongolia is the object of close attention not only from its geographic neighbours, but also from non-regional states referred to as “the third neighbour”. That is why the foreign policy of Mongolia has traditionally been an important part of its development strategy. One of the main roles in the process of determining Mongolia’s foreign policy strategy belongs to the president. Democratic Party candidate Battulga won the 2017 election. All his steps in the field of foreign policy can be divided into three main areas. Firstly, the new president of Mongolia has established himself as a supporter of improving relations with Russia, primarily through the intensification of trade and economic cooperation and active personal diplomacy towards the Russian side. Secondly, Battulga had a difficult time to build cooperation with the southern neighbour of Mongolia for his election campaign was full of criticism of China. Thirdly, Battulga made some correctives in the strategy of relations with “the third neighbour”. For example, he rejected an active participation in global international events (e.g., the World Economic Forum in Davos) and was indifferent to the idea of “permanent neutrality” of Mongolia. Perhaps the most serious foreign policy initiative of the new president of Mongolia was the idea of joining the Shanghai Cooperation Organization as a permanent member. This idea has caused serious political discussions in the country, dividing the expert network into supporters and opponents of the president’s initiative. The authors believe that despite certain changes in Mongolia’s foreign policy under President Battulga, it is difficult to talk about a radical turn in the foreign policy strategy. Due to political and legal reasons, as well as the external conditions of social and economic development of Mongolia, the president is not able to change the main foundations and principles of foreign policy of the state formed in the post-socialist period.
SIRPA FORUM - Бүс нутгийн хамтын ажиллагаа ба Монгол Улс, No.3, 2020
БНМАУ-ын бүтээн байгуулалтад ажиллах хүчнээр туслах тухай БНМАУ-БНХАУ-ын Засгийн газар хоорондын хэлэлцээрийн дагуу 1955-1964 онд нийт 12 мянга орчим хятад ажилчид БНМАУ-д ирж ажилласан билээ. Энэ тухай хэлэлцээрийг 1955 онд хоёр талын төлөөлөгчид боловсруулах үеэр Монголын төлөөлөгчид аль болох олон ажилчныг аль болох урт хугацаагаар, боломжтой бол БНМАУ-д амьдрах эрхтэй үлдээхээр аваачихыг эрмэлзэж байсан нь архивын баримтад тэмдэглэгдэн үлджээ. Уг хачирхалтай хүсэлтийн учир шалтгааныг тодруулахыг уг илтгэлээр зорив. Ингэхдээ хэлэлцээрийн агуулга, цаашдын хэрэгжилтийг Монголын ба Хятадын гадаад бодлого, үйл ажиллагаатай уялдуулан үзэв. Монголын тал Хятадаас ажиллах хүч авахдаа тэдгээр ажилчдад Монголд амьдрах эрх олгох, гэр бүлийг нь Монголд авчрах, Хятад руу мөнгө гуйвуулахгүй байлгахыг эрмэлзэж байсан явдал бол тэднийг буцаалгүй суурьшуулах, улмаар Монголын иргэн болгохыг зорьсон явдал мөн. Гэвч хятад ажилчид 1964 онд Монголоос буцахад Монголд тэднээс бараг хүн үлдсэнгүй. Үүнийг 1950-иад онд явуулсан Монголын гадаад, дотоод бодлогын зарим шинж чанар, Өвөр Монголоос ажилчин ирүүлэх тухай Хятадын талд тавьсан удаа дараагийн хүсэлтүүдтэй уялдуулан үзвэл, Хятадаас ажиллах хүч ирүүлэх Монголын эрмэлзлэл нь ажиллах хүчний хомсдолоо шийдвэрлэх зорилтоос гадна өвөр монголчуудыг нүүлгэн ирүүлэх уламжлалт бодлогыг давхар агуулж байсан нь харагдаж байна.
The dynamics of Mongolia's international legal status is discussed in connection with the conclusion of the 1912 Russo-Mongolian Agreement. Previously, Mongolia had never been a part of China, and during the existence of the Qing Empire she represented scattered possessions, mostly in vassalage to the emperors of the Manchu dynasty Aisin Gyoro. The proclamation of Mongolia's independence of 1911 was a legitimate act, while the inclusion of Mongolia into the Republic of China was illegitimate. By the time of conclusion of the 1912 Agreement, despite all differences in approaches of the Russian side and the Mongolian side, their main interests converged in the need for Mongolia's self-dependence: Mongolia should not have been colonized by the Chinese and never sinicized, the independence and self-government proclaimed by Mongolia should have been preserved in any form based on the development of relations between Mongolia and Russia. The 1912 Russo-Mongolian Agreement was the result of mutual compromises between Russian and Mongolian sides during negotiations. In terms of content, method of elaboration and conclusion, it was a document on the recognition of an independent state, which the Mongols legitimately considered it to be. By signing this Agreement, Russia recognized the international legal capacity and legal personality of the Mongolian state. The Russo-Chinese Declaration of 1913 and the tripartite Chinese-Russian-Mongolian Kyakhta Agreement of 1915, which replaced the Agreement of 1912, incorporated a number of provisions of the latter. The 1915 Agreement also recognized the statehood of Mongolia and her autonomy under the formal suzerainty of China. As a result of China's illegitimate abolition of the autonomy of Outer Mongolia in 1919, Mongolia acquired the status of an occupied state. Baron R. F. Ungern-Sternberg in 1921 liberated Outer Mongolia from occupation and restored its independence. This status was maintained by the Mongolian People's Republic until 1946, after which her independence was widely recognized internationally. But the basis for the status of modern Mongolia as an independent state was laid by the 1912 Russo-Mongolian Agreement sanctioned by the monarchs of Russia and Mongolia.
МОНГОЛО-РОССИЙСКИЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ НА СОВРЕМЕННОМ ЭТАПЕ (1990-2004 гг.), 2016
Настоящая монография посвящена комплексному исследованию вопросов взаимоотношений Монголии и России на современном этапе (1990-2004 гг.). Автором проанализирован процесс становления новой политической модели и глубокие перемены, которые произошли в общественно-политическом и социально-экономическом строе и в Монголии и России и их влияние на весь спектр взаимоотношений наших стран. Описаны научно-технические и культурные контакты между Монголией и Россией. В монографии рассмотрены монголо-российские экономические связи в условиях перехода к рыночной экономике, показаны основные источники капиталовложений для экономики Монголии и конкретизирована роль инвестиций России в процессе восстановления двусторонних отношений. Определен потенциал двустороннего приграничного сотрудничества. В работе выявлены позиции и места Монголии в процессе становления нового международного порядка и процессы многостороннего сотрудничества для дальнейшего развития, а также раскрыта проблема геополитических интересов России в Монголии. Монография ориентирована на широкий круг лиц, занятых в сферах Монголии и России. Она будет использована в образовательной сфере, в деятельности исследовательских организаций научными сотрудниками, аспирантами, соискателями и студентами вузов и работниками органов государственного управления.
2020
This article explores the modern period in Mongolia-Russia relations. This period starts in the 1990s, when the countries shifted from the socialist path of development and planned economy towards democracy and market economy. Along the way, a decline in the relations turned into a comprehensive strategic partnership. The goal of this research consists in identification of the problems that impeded effective and mutually beneficial bilateral relations, as well as in analysis of the current state and prospects of these relations in the primary areas of cooperation. The author comes to the conclusion that at the present stage Mongolia-Russia relations have traveled the journey from a decline to comprehensive strategic partnership, which is substantiated by active political dialogue between the countries’ leaders; however, the problems remain in trade and economic relations, caused by the absence of initiative from the diplomatic mission of the two countries, noncompliance with agreements, berries and restrictions in the movement of goods. etc. Solution of the aforementioned problems is crucial for fruitful and dynamic development of bilateral relations, and would open prospects for long-term and mutually beneficial cooperation.