Selective atomic hydrogen heating in plasmas: Implications for quantum theory (original) (raw)
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Selective Atomic Heating in Plasmas: Implications for Quantum Theory
Arxiv preprint arXiv:0810.5280, 2008
A new model of quantum mechanics, Classical Quantum Mechanics, is based on the (nearly heretical) postulate that electrons are physical objects that obey classical physical laws. Indeed, ionization energies, excitation energies etc. are computed based on picturing electrons as 'bubbles' of charge that symmetrically surround a nucleus. Hence, for example, simple algebraic expressions based on Newtonian force balances are used to predict ionization energies and stable excitation states with remarkable precision. One of the most startling predictions of the model is that there are stable 'sizes' of the hydrogen atom electron (bubble diameter) that are smaller ('hydrinos') than that calculated for the 'ground state'. Experimental evidence in support of this novel physical/classical version of quantum is alleged to be found in the existence of super heated hydrogen atoms reported by many teams in a variety of plasmas. It is postulated that the energy required for creating super heated H atoms comes from the shrinkage of ground state H atoms to form hydrinos. This claim is discussed with reference to a brief review of the published studies of selective Balmer series line broadening in pure H 2 and mixed gas plasmas.
Journal of Statistical Physics, 2007
We study hydrogen in the Saha regime, within the physical picture in terms of a quantum proton-electron plasma. Long ago, Saha showed that, at sufficiently low densities and low temperatures, the system behaves almost as an ideal mixture made with hydrogen atoms in their groundstate, ionized protons and ionized electrons. More recently, that result has been rigorously proved in some scaling limit where both temperature and density vanish. In that Saha regime, we derive exact low-temperature expansions for the pressure and internal energy, where density ρ is rescaled in units of a temperature-dependent density ρ * which controls the cross-over between full ionization (ρ ρ *) and full atomic recombination (ρ ρ *). Each term reduces to a function of ρ/ρ * times temperature-dependent functions which decay exponentially fast when temperature T vanishes. Scaled expansions are ordered with respect to the corresponding decay rates. Leading terms do reduce to ideal contributions obtained within Saha theory. We consistently compute all corrections which are exponentially smaller by a factor exp(βE H) at most, where E H is the negative groundstate energy of a hydrogen atom and β = 1/(k B T). They include all effects arising from both the Coulomb potential and the quantum nature of the particles: excitations of atoms H , formation of molecules H 2 , ions H + 2 and H − , thermal and pressure ionization, plasma polarization, screening, interactions between atoms and ionized charges, etc. Scaled low-temperature
High-density phenomena in hydrogen plasma
Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters, 2000
Coulomb systems continue to attract the interest of researchers in many fields, including plasmas, astrophysics and solids; see for an overview. The most interesting phenomena, such as metallic hydrogen, plasma phase transition, bound states, etc., occur in situations where the plasma is both strongly coupled and strongly degenerate. However, in this region, the thermodynamic properties of the plasma are only poorly known. The need for the simultaneous account of strong Coulomb and quantum effects makes a theoretical treatment very difficult. Among the most promising theoretical approaches to these systems are path-integral quantum Monte Carlo (PIMC) techniques; see, e.g., .
Energy spectrum of hydrogen atoms in dense plasmas
Physical Review E, 1995
From the Bethe-Salpeter equation for the two-particle (proton-electron) Green function, an effective Schrodinger wave equation can be derived for a hydrogen atom in a hydrogen plasma, which describes the perturbation of atomic energy levels and eigenstates by many-particle plasma effects (Pauli blocking, exchange and dynamic self-energy, and interaction-potential correction due to dynamic screening). Taking full account of dynamic screening by the random-phase approximation dielectric function, we solved the effective wave equation for nondegenerate plasmas. For bound atomic states, the plasma effects nearly compensate one another and the energy levels depend only weakly on density. In contrast, the lowering of the continuum edge is not diminished by such compensation, so that the bound states successively merge into the continuum with increasing plasma density. As our results show, reliable calculations have to incorporate dynamic screening, since the use of static screening (which greatly facilitates calculations) may lead to substantial errors, even at low densities.
The Role of Hydrogen Atoms and Molecules in the Plasma Boundary
Contributions to Plasma Physics, 2002
A status report on recent spectroscopic investigations on hydrogen atoms and molecules is given. The interplay between atoms, molecules and their interaction with the surrounding surfaces is described and the resulting balances of particles, energy and momentum for the development of the different fluxes presented.
Energetic Hydrogen Atoms in High Frequency Plasmas
Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2014
Generation of energetic hydrogen atoms, with energy in the range 4−8 eV, was detected throughout the volume of a surface wave generated (500 MHz) plasma column in H 2 at pressure p = 0.01 mbar. The H β , H γ , H δ , and H ε , line profiles were found to be bi-Gaussian towards the plasma column end. The kinetic temperatures corresponding to the Doppler broadening of the H β , H γ , H δ , lines are higher than the rotational temperature of the hydrogen molecular Fulcher-α band and the wall temperature. At pressure p = 0.2 mbar, the kinetic temperature of excited H (n = 4−7) atoms, as determined from the fitting of the spectral lines with a single-Gaussian profile, increases with upper level principal quantum number. The experimental results have been analyzed in the framework of a global self-consistent kinetic model describing this surface wave sustained plasma column.
Thermodynamic Properties of Hydrogen Plasma
CBU International Conference Proceedings
In this paper dense hydrogen plasma, which is of considerable interest in both theoretical and practical areas such as non-ideal plasma encountered in thermonuclear reactors, is considered. The structural and thermodynamic properties of dense non-ideal hydrogen plasma were investigated. Potentials taking into account the quantum-mechanical effects of diffraction and symmetry have been used as a model of interaction. The symmetry effect was considered for the different directions of spin of electrons. Pair correlation functions have been obtained in the solution for the integral equation of the Ornstein-Zernike in hyper-netted chain approximation on the basis of the interaction potentials. Thermodynamic properties for hydrogen plasma were calculated using the interaction potentials and pair correlation functions. The quantum symmetry effect weakens the interaction between the charged particles leading to a decrease in the absolute value of the non-ideal part of the thermodynamic char...
Influence of molecular processes on the hydrogen atomic system in an expanding argon–hydrogen plasma
Physics of Plasmas, 1995
An expanding thermal arc plasma in argon-hydrogen is investigated by means of emission spectroscopy. The hydrogen can be added to the argon flow before it enters the thermal arc plasma source, or it can be flushed directly into the vacuum expansion vessel (l-20 ~01% H2). The atomic state distribution function for hydrogen, measured at a downstream distance of 20 mm, turns out to be very different in the two cases. For injection in the arc, three-particle recombination is a primary source of hydrogen excitation, whereas measurements with hydrogen injected into the vessel clearly point to a molecular channel (dissociative recombination of formed ArH+) populating atomic hydrogen levels. 0 199.5 American Institute of Physics.
Evidence of catalytic production of hot atomic hydrogen in RF generated hydrogen/helium plasmas
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2008
Hydrogen Helium Balmer line broadening Classical Quantum Mechanics a b s t r a c t A study of the line shapes of hydrogen Balmer series lines in RF generated low pressure He/ H 2 plasmas produced results suggesting a catalytic process between helium and hydrogen species results in the generation of 'hot' (ca. 28 eV) atomic hydrogen. Even far from the electrodes 'hot' atomic hydrogen was predominant in He/H 2 plasmas. Line shapes, relative line areas of cold and hot atomic hydrogen (hot/cold > 2.5), were very similar for areas between the electrodes and far from the electrodes for these plasmas. In contrast, in Xe/H 2 only 'warm' (<5 eV) hydrogen (warm/cold < 1.0) was found between the electrodes, and only cold hydrogen away from the electrodes. Earlier postulates that preferential hydrogen line broadening in plasmas results from the acceleration of ionic hydrogen in the vicinity of electrodes, and the special charge exchange characteristics of Ar/H 2 þ are clearly belied by the present results that show atomic hydrogen line shape are similar for He/H 2 plasmas throughout the relatively large cylindrical (14 cm ID Â 36 cm length) cavity.
Confined hydrogenlike ions in plasma environments
Physical Review A
The behavior of H-like ions embedded in astrophysical plasmas in the form of dense, strongly and weakly coupled plasmas is investigated. In these, the increase and decrease in temperature are impacted by a change in confinement radius r c. Two independent and generalized scaling ideas have been applied to modulate the effect of the plasma-screening constant λ and ion charge Z on such systems. Several relations are derived to interconnect the original Hamiltonian and two scaled Hamiltonians. In the exponential-cosine-screened Coulomb potential (ECSCP; dense) and weakly coupled plasma (WCP) these scaling relations have provided a linear equation connecting the critical screening constant λ (c) and Z. Their ratio offers a state-dependent constant beyond which a particular state vanishes. Shannon entropy has been employed to understand the plasma effect on the ion. With an increase in λ, the accumulation of opposite charge surrounding the ion increases, leading to a reduction in the number of bound states. However, with a rise in ionic charge Z, this effect can be delayed. The competing effect of plasma charge density n e and temperature in WCP and ECSCP is investigated. A recently proposed simple virial-like theorem was established for these systems. Multipole (k = 1-4) oscillator strength and polarizabilities for these are studied considering 1s, 2s states. As a bonus, analytical closed-form expressions are derived for f (k) and α (k) (k = 1-4) involving 1s and 2s states for the free H-like ion.