Early Presence of HIV-1 Subtype C in Washington, D.C (original) (raw)
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The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2000
In the United States, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1, group M, subtype B is the predominant subtype. A cross-sectional study of HIV-infected patients at the Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center, Bronx, NY, between September 1997 and February 1998 identified 3 (1.2%) of 252 persons infected with non-B subtypes: subtypes A and F, 1 each, and 1 potential recombinant subtype B(env)/F(prt). All 3 persons were born in the United States and tested positive for HIV antibodies between 1988 and 1997 while living in the Bronx. None reported travel to other countries, receipt of blood products, or drug injection. This study is among the first to indicate probable transmission of non-B HIV-1 subtypes in the United States. The occurrence of non-B HIV-1 subtypes in long-term US residents without a history of foreign travel may have implications for the evaluation and development of antiretroviral drugs, vaccines, and tests intended for use in the United States to diagnose HIV infection and screen blood. Two main types of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been characterized: type 1, the predominant HIV type worldwide, and type 2, which is still localized mainly in persons from West Africa [1]. Group M is the predominant group of HIV-1 and consists of 10 subtypes (A-J) based on genetic characterization of envelope regions. Groups O and N are less common. To date, most HIV isolates identified in North American residents are HIV-1, group M, subtype B, and most US residents infected with non-B subtypes acquired their infections abroad [2-5]. Indigenous transmission of non-B subtypes may
The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1997
To determine whether US residents are infected with subtypes of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 other than subtype B (Western), the predominant North American subtype with a unique GPGR genetic sequence in the V3 loop, viruses from 22 HIV-infected adults were serotyped and subtyped. Twenty patients had subtype B (Western), of whom 15 had serotype B (Western), 3 had serotype A/C, 1 had serotype B (Thai), and 1 had a nontypeable serotype. Two had subtype A, both serotype A/C. Both subtype A-infected patients, only 1 of whom had been outside the United States, reported sex with persons traveling abroad, suggesting possible acquisition in the United States. Because US residents are infected with non-subtype B (Western) strains, US surveillance for HIV-1 diversity is needed to elucidate subtype-specific transmission patterns and pathogenesis and to guide evaluation and development of HIV diagnostic tests and vaccines. HIV-1 gp41 transmembrane proteins (groups M and O) and one
Early Evolution of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Epidemic in Rural Malawi
Journal of Virology, 2002
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Two independent epidemics of HIV in Maryland
States. However, increasing evidence suggests that prevalence of non-B subtypes may be on the rise in the West, and this may have implications for HIV-1 disease surveillance and treatment.
Journal of Virology, 2003
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 subtype B sequences (whole envelope and the p17 region of gag) were obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples collected in 1981 from seven HIV-infected U.S. individuals and in 1982 from one infected Canadian resident. Phylogenetic and nucleotide distance analyses were performed by using database sequences representing North American strains collected from 1978 to 1995. The estimated phylogeny was starlike, with early strains represented on different lineages. When sequences were grouped by years of collection, nucleotide distance comparisons demonstrated an increase in diversity over time and indicated that contemporary strains are more closely related to early epidemic strains than to each other. Using a recently developed likelihood ratio reduction procedure, the date of origin of the U.S. epidemic was estimated to be 1968 ؎ 1.4 years. A coalescent approach was also used to estimate the population history of the U.S. subtype B epidemic. Our analyses provide new information that implies an exponential growth rate from the beginning of the U.S. HIV epidemic. The dating results suggest a U.S. introduction date (or date of divergence from the most recent common ancestor) that precedes the date of the earliest known AIDS cases in the late 1970s. Furthermore, the estimated epidemic growth curve shows a period of exponential growth that preceded most of the early documented cases and also indicates a leveling of prevalence rates in the recent past.
Origin and Dynamics of HIV-1 Subtype C Infection in India
PLoS ONE, 2011
Objective: To investigate the geographical origin and evolution dynamics of HIV-1 subtype C infection in India. Design: Ninety HIV-1 subtype C env gp120 subtype C sequences from India were compared with 312 env gp120 reference subtype C sequences from 27 different countries obtained from Los Alamos HIV database. All the HIV-1 subtype C env gp120 sequences from India were used for the geographical origin analysis and 61 subtype C env gp120 sequences with known sampling year (from 1991 to 2008) were employed to determine the origin of HIV infection in India. Methods: Phylogenetic analysis of HIV-1 env sequences was used to investigate the geographical origin and tMRCA of Indian HIV-1 subtype C. Evolutionary parameters including origin date and demographic growth patterns of Indian subtype C were estimated using a Bayesian coalescent-based approach under relaxed molecular clock models. Findings: The majority of the analyzed Indian and South African HIV-1 subtype C sequences formed a single monophyletic cluster. The most recent common ancestor date was calculated to be 1975.56 (95% HPD, 1968.78-1981.52). Reconstruction of the effective population size revealed three phases of epidemic growth: an initial slow growth, followed by exponential growth, and then a plateau phase approaching present time. Stabilization of the epidemic growth phase correlated with the foundation of National AIDS Control Organization in India. Interpretation: Indian subtype C originated from a single South African lineage in the middle of 1970s. The current study emphasizes not only the utility of HIV-1 sequence data for epidemiological studies but more notably highlights the effectiveness of community or government intervention strategies in controlling the trend of the epidemic.
Scientific Reports, 2016
Most HIV-1 subtype B infections in North America and Europe seem to have resulted from the expansion of a single pandemic lineage (B PANDEMIC) disseminated from the United States (US). Some non-pandemic subtype B strains of Caribbean origin (B CAR) may have also reached North America and Europe, but their epidemiological relevance in those regions remains largely unknown. Here we analyze a total of 20,045 HIV-1 subtype B pol sequences from the US, Canada, and Europe, to estimate the prevalence and to reconstruct the spatiotemporal dynamics of dissemination of HIV-1 B CAR strains in those regions. We find that B CAR strains were probably disseminated from the Caribbean into North America and Europe at multiple times since the early 1970s onwards. The B CAR strains reached the US, Canada and at least 16 different European countries, where they account for a very low fraction (<5%) of subtype B infections, with exception of the Czech Republic (7.7%). We also find evidence of the onward transmission of B CAR clades in the US, Canada, the Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK, as well as shortdistance spreading of B CAR lineages between neighboring European countries from Central and Western Europe, and long-distance dissemination between the US and Europe.
Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 2005
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic continues to grow at an alarming rate, with a further 5 million new infections in 2003. Some 3.5 million of these were in sub-Saharan Africa, where 7070% of the world's HIV-positive population resides. In contrast, the spread of HIV in high-income countries has slowed since its discovery in the 1980s, and in regions such as Western Europe prevalence has decreased. Here, we employ coalescent methods to compare the epidemic growth rates of two subtypes of HIV-1 with differing epidemiological profiles: subtype C, which is dominant in sub-Saharan Africa and associated with heterosexual transmission, and subtype B, the main cause of AIDS in Western Europe and North America, and which was primarily transmitted through homosexual sex and injecting drug use. We show that although both subtypes emerged at approximately the same time (701960), they have widely differing patterns of exponential population growth. At its current growth rate the epidemic of subtype C in sub-Saharan Africa is doubling every 2.4 years, which is approximately half the rate observed during the early stages of the subtype B epidemic in Western Europe and North America. However, the subtype C growth rate is still 5-10 times greater than that estimated for the blood-borne hepatitis C virus, supporting the hypothesis that sexual transmission has been primarily responsible for the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa.