Evaluation of Operator and Patient Doses after Irradiation with Handheld X-ray Devices (original) (raw)
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Shehu, Mohammed Ahmed, 2020
ABSTRACT In radiography, a dose to patients primarily depends on the Entrance surface Dose (ESD) and the sensitivity of organs which are irradiated during treatment plan. The main goal of this study is to assess and compare adult patient doses to digital and conventional radiographic X-ray examinations chest (PA/AP) in Adama city special zone of oromiya region. Assessment of ESD for patients in conventional and digital diagnostic radiology examinations should be made as a means for the optimization of the radiation protection of the patients. This estimated the entrance skin dose received by patients undergoing diagnostic X-ray examinations, including the entrance skin doses for 400 patients in chest PA/AP of X-ray examinations. The entrance surface dose was determined indirectly via measurements and from knowledge of X-ray output factors and in this study entered the measurements parameters such as X-ray dose output, back scatter factor, and focus to skin distance and used physical parameters such as mAs and kV in mathematical model. The mean ESD (mGy) value calculated in to four hospitals. The mean ESD (mGy) estimated range from 0.113 -1.92 for chest PA, 0.107-1.935 for chest PA. The results obtained were compared with the diagnostic reference levels of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 1996, European Commission (EC) 1999 and national radiological protection board (NRPB) 2000. Further studies are required for minimization of radiation doses to sensitive organs. ESDs were estimated in the present study for patients undergoing selected chest X-ray examinations in major hospitals in Adama city special zone of Oromiya region. It was observed that in some of the cases specially Adama hospital medical college the ESD values higher than the recommended value from IAEA, NRPB and EC. Similarly the S.Aklisiya hospital and Medin Beza hospitals shows ESD (mGy) value for all types of projection examinations are similarity with that reported by IAEA [42] and European Committee (EC, 1999) [41] as well as NRPB -2000 [43]. But Rift valley hospital has the minimum value of ESD (mGy) because of the low dose output of the machine combined with high tube filtration. This could be attributed to the relatively low tube output dose and exposure parameters used in these hospitals. And also potential advantage of digital x ray from conventional is minimizes unnecessary patient dose and keeps the dose “as low as reasonably achievable” (ALARA) principle. Keywords: Ionizing Radiation; X-Ray; Conventional, digital, Radiography; Entrance Surface Dose
Radiation Protection for Patients Undergoing Diagnostic Pelvic X-ray Examinations
Journal of Nuclear Technology in Applied Science, 2019
The aim of the current study is to measure the entrance skin dose (ESD) for patients undergoing pelvic diagnostic X-ray examinations in King Faisal Specialist Hospital (KFH), Saudi Arabia, and reduce the scattered x-ray to gonads during the examination. The thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) are processed for low energy X-ray calibration. Three sets of thermoluminescence dosimeters LiF (TLD-100) detector were irradiated by using a Xstrahl machine with following operating conditions: 60 cm FSD, 1 mA, irradiation time 1 min., 2 mm HVL(Al) and tube voltage of 80 kV. Each TLD set was irradiated for specific air and the mean value of the air kerma was used for calculation the calibration factor. The (ESD) was assessed for forty patients undergoing pelvic diagnostic X-ray examinations using thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs). The patients were classified into three groups according to weights from 40-60 kg, 60-80 kg and 80-110 kg respectively. The ESDs associated with AP-pelvic examinations for the classified patients were 2.91 ± 0.25 mGy , 3.92 ± 0.22 mGy and 4.92 ± 0.6 mGy respectively. The results are compared with the reference levels of the European Union, (EU), International Atomic Energy Agency,(IAEA) and United Kingdom). Another irradiation for TLD-100 chips was performed above and under the surface of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory phantom (LLNL, USA), and a scatter dose absorbed by sensitive organ attenuated by a factor of 20.6% due to using a flat contact gonadal shield .
Radiation Dose Measurements in Routine X ray Examinations
rphysp.com
The aim of current study was to evaluate patient's radiation dose in routine X-ray examinations in Omdurman teaching hospital Sudan. 110 patients was examined (134) radiographs in two X-ray rooms. Entrance surface doses (ESDs) were calculated from ...
Analysis of dose measurement other than the radiation protection during the radiographic examination
SpringerPlus, 2014
The study measured the dose on body regions that were not shielded to protect from radiation exposure during the general procedure, with the goal of providing basic radiation dose data for radiological technologists who perform the radiographic examination. Shooting parts with the phantom were similar to human tissues using general shooting equipment in the general examination room. The scattered rays were measured with the ion chamber. The hand received the highest average radiation dose and the kidney the lowest. The same pattern was evident for the average equivalent dose. The available daily shooting was highest in the anterior/posterior skull, followed by the posterior/anterior chest, abdomen, anterior/posterior spine and extremities. The daily available numbers for the eye were lower than other body regions (6-times, 4-times, 26-times, 3-times and 121-times) and the numbers on the foot were higher than for other regions (73-times, 48-times, 263-times, 39-times and 702-times). ...
Revista Brasileira de Física Médica, 2010
CALDose_X is a software tool that provides the possibility to calculate incident air kerma (INAK) and entrance surface air kerma (ESAK), two important quantities used in X-ray diagnosis, based on the output of the X-ray equipment. Additionally, the software uses conversion coefficients (CCs) to assess absorbed dose to organs and tissues of the human body, the effective dose as well as the patient's cancer risk for radiographic examinations. The CCs, ratios between organ and tissues absorbed doses and measurable quantities, have been calculated with the FAX06 and the MAX06 phantoms for 65 projections of 21 commonly performed X-ray examinations, for 40 combinations of tube potential and filtration ranging from 50 to 120 kVcp and from 2.0 to 5.0 mm aluminium, respectively, various field positions, for 29 selected organs and tissues and simultaneously for the measurable quantities: INAK, ESAK and kerma area product (KAP). Based on the X-ray irradiation parameters defined by the user, CALDose_X shows images of the phantom together with the position of the X-ray beam. By using true to nature voxel phantoms, CALDose_X improves earlier software tools, which were mostly based on mathematical MIRD5-type phantoms, i.e. poor representations of human anatomy.
Session 16. Dosimetry, radiation protection and radiation biology II
Biomedizinische Technik, 2017
Radiation protection clothing is a standard equipment in interventional radiology. However, during long examinations, the weight of conventional aprons often causes discomfort, fatigue and musculoskeletal problems for interventional radiology practitioners. Recently, a new weightless-like radiation protection garment (Zero-Gravity, Biotronik) has been introduced to provide an alternative to directly worn radiation clothing. It is freely suspended on a swing arm and snaps onto the user via a belt mechanism. It consists of a main apron part (1 mm Pb equivalence) and a glass face shield (0.5 mm Pb equivalence). In this study, we examined this new concept regarding its efficiency in personal radiation protection and compared it to a conventional two-piece apron (+ thyroid collar) suit. Standard ancillary shields, which was a hanging lead acrylic and an under-table lead apron were used for further comparison. All measurements were carried out using a clinical angiography system (Artis Zee, Siemens) with a standard fluoroscopy protocol, and an anthropomorphic upper body phantom. An ionization chamber (U-Mo, Berthold) was used to measure the radiation exposure on five different representative heights and at two different positions of an examiner during a typical angiography intervention. The five measuring heights (30 cm, 100 cm, 130 cm, 150 cm, and 165 cm) were selected to reflect different body parts of an examiner (lower leg, gonads, thorax/lung, thyroid, and eye lenses). The Zero Gravity system and the conventional radiation protection showed a mean dose reduction of 98.1% and 90.1%, respectively. By adding the under-table lead apron and the shielding acrylic to the Zero Gravity system and the conventional protection apron, an average reduction of 99.0% and 98.2% was found. In addition, both systems showed a variety in radiation protection depending on the height, tube angle, and position of the examiner.
Evaluation Effective Dose for Patients Undergoing Dental X-Ray Examination
Erbil Dental Journal, 2018
Background and objectives: The dental radiographic examinations rank among the most frequent radiographic procedures. Since the radiation risks for different organs vary with age, exposure and sex. The specific objectives of this study include investigation of ESD using Thermo Luminescent Dosimeter (TLD-100) for patients undergoing dental x-ray examination. Patients and methods: ESD was measured using LiF Thermo Luminescent Dosimeters (TLD-100) on the skin (either mandibular or maxillary arcs) for all patients. Monte Carlo simulation was performed to estimate an effective dose (ED) by using PCXMC Dose Calculation software. Analysis of data was carried out using the available statistical package of SPSS-22 (Statistical Packages for Social Sciences-version 22). Results: The mean of the effective dose for 1-15 years old patients undergoing maxillary molar dental x-ray examination were 3.734 μSv, 3.505μSv for females and males, respectively. For 16-30 years old, the mean of the effective dose were 6.212 μSv, 3.530 μSv for females and males, respectively. And for 31-60 years old were 3.220 μSv and 3.209 μSv for females and males, respectively. Also for patients undergoing the mandibular molar dental x-ray examinations, the mean effective dose for 1-15 years old were 4.998 μSv, 3.969 μSv for females and males, respectively. For 16-30 years old were 3.270 μSv, 1.170 μSv for females and males, respectively. And for 31-60 years old were 2.020 μSv, 1.131 μSv for females and males, respectively. Conclusion: The use of the entrance surface dose(ESD) or effective dose(ED) is not an accurate indicator for physicians to judge the radiation risk of an x-ray examination in accordance with the result of the present study. The overall risk from radiation in children was more than in adults and in female patients was more than in male patients. It is recommended that the average risk caused by exposure be considered as a guide to assess the risk and benefit for each age group.