Investment Costs of Heating in Poland and Spain—A Case Study (original) (raw)
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Energies
This article analyses the reduction of energy consumption following the installation of district heating (DH) in the Miguel Delibes campus at the University of Valladolid (Spain), in terms of historical consumption and climate variables data. In order to achieve this goal, consumption models are carried out for each building, enabling the comparison of actual data with those foreseen in the model. This paper shows the statistical method used to accept these models, selecting the most influential climate variables data obtained by the models from the consumption baselines in the buildings at the Miguel Delibes campus through to the linear regression equations with a confidence level of 95%. This study shows that the best variables correlated with consumption are the degree-days for 58% of buildings and the average temperature for the remaining 42%. The savings obtained to date with this third generation network have been significantly higher than the 21% average for 33% of the campus...
The 15th International Conference “Standardization, Protypes and Quality: A Means of Balkan Countries’ Collaboration, 2019
Background/importance of research topic: In this study the importance of energy efficiency is emphasized by evaluating the difference of heating energy needs by insulating buildings. Purpose / hypothesis (thesis or statement of problem): It is not possible to achieve energy efficiency in buildings that have not been adequately and correctly insulated. In this study, the annual heating energy needs of an education building was evaluated and necessary calculations were made with TGUB program according to TS 825 Thermal Insulation Standards in Buildings. The aim was to minimize heat losses in the building and to reduce the annual heating energy requirements. The optimum insulation thickness, insulation materials and insulation applications were determined for the insulation to be made on the building shell. The existing building was converted into a properly insulated state to ensure proper energy efficiency in the building. Procedures / Data / Observations: According to TS 825 standard, the need for the current annual heating energy of the selected building was calculated using Turkey Aerated Concrete Manufacturers Association's (TGUB) thermal insulation calculation application, and it was identified that according to the standard the building's annual heating energy needs were higher than the standard. Conclusions / Applications: In order to make the building conform to the standard, alternative improvement suggestions have been made on various building elements (walls, roof, floors, windows and doors joineries) and necessary insulation materials and their thicknesses have been determined. Thermal insulation will make it possible to spend less energy to heat the building, thus energy conservation and efficient use will be ensured. This article focuses on the assessment of the annual heating energy requirement based onthe building envelope and the heat loss from external walls, building systems, wall openings,ground floor and roof, considering the TS 825 Thermal Insulation regulation. The aim of this study is to examine a higher education building which is analyzed in terms of energy efficiency and U values of the building envelope. The study consists of three main sections: i) literature review; ii) evaluation of the annual heating energy requirement of the building; and iii) evaluation of suggested insulation materials on building envelope. The findings of this research consist of attempts to form a stronger building envelope for prevention of thermal bridges, and to ensure adequate and relevant insulation applications and improved protection against environmental factors are created. The calculation results show that it is possible to reduce the high annual heating energy requirement of the structure by adding insulation to the building envelope. Energy saving and efficient use of energy in buildings is important. Thermal insulation applications in buildings are important for minimizing heating and cooling costs and providing thermal comfort conditions. Thermal insulation of buildings improves life standards for users and provides more livable and suitable living environments.
Economical Considerations Concerning Radiant Heating Systems
2012
For industrial buildings with important height, more than 12m, sometimes different heating solutions are proposed without taking into consideration the energetically efficiency of the systems. Such type of buildings represents a problem in selection of the most convenient solution from economical point of view, including initial cost for the heating system but especially for the maintaining costs. The selection of the heating system must be made with objectivity if we consider different solutions and type of heating systems for the same building, with a similar economical and functional efficiency. The present paper analyzes various heating systems for buildings with important height and compares them from cost of investment, maintenance and energy efficiency point of view. The conclusions of this article can be extended to new buildings and their conception, but also to old ones, inefficient, needed to be rehabilitated.
Benchmarking heat consumption in educational buildings in the city of Kragujevac (Serbia)
2018
Educational buildings are buildings with special social importance and their energy consumption requires particular attention. Since the majority of educational buildings in Serbia were built between 1950-1990, with concrete frame, brick walls and poor thermal insulation, it can be concluded that these buildings have relatively high potential for thermal energy savings. In this paper, specific heat consumption of educational buildings (42 different institutions classified throughout educational levels) in the city of Kragujevac (Serbia) was analysed in order to determine their specific heat consumption (per heated floor area and per user) and to list the priorities for refurbishment. According to educational level, they were classified in: preschool buildings, elementary and high schools and faculties (university buildings). Data about heat energy consumption were collected during several heating seasons in order to minimize the influence of seasonal climate variations. Values of specific heat energy consumption of the buildings were benchmarked with data on specific heat consumption of schools from different European countries. In order to accomplish the tasks, authors introduced the concept of weather normalised specific heat consumption. Results of the performed analysis pointed out preschool and elementary school buildings as refurbishment priorities since their average specific heat consumption is the biggest (186 kWh/m 2 /a and 176 kWh/ m 2 /a, respectively). Besides, normalised specific heat consumptions of the educational buildings in Kragujevac are higher than in comparing countries and the potential for their energy efficiency improvement is significant.
Energy, economic and environmental performance of heating systems in Greek buildings
Energy and Buildings, 2008
The introduction of natural gas in the Greek energy market broadened the options in the field of space heating. Residents in five major Greek cities can choose from a variety of different fuels and systems for heating their houses or working spaces; 12 more cities will be connected to the gas network within the next 5 years. Considering that space heating is the major energy consuming activity in the Greek building sector and that the environmental constrains imposed by the Kyoto protocol will be met only with difficulty, if at all, a strategy concerning the developments in space heating seems to be necessary. This however presupposes an elaborate analysis of the overall performance of the alternative systems, taking into consideration the particular conditions of the Greek energy system and the 'established' way of designing residential and mixed-use buildings. The present paper aims to present the empirical comparative results related to the three most popular heating systems operated in Greek multi-apartment and mixed-use buildings, which use three different fuels, respectively: a central oil-fired boiler, a unitary gas-fired boiler and unitary heat pumps.
Analysis of thermal energy demand and saving in industrial buildings: A case study in Slovakia
2013
Energy saving through incorporation of automation techniques in buildings is usually too complicated and costly and it is necessary to protect environment. Presently, there is no single directive and standard method to estimate and validate the energy consumption process in industrial buildings for heating to maintain a comfortable environment for working. The purpose of this study was to find and develop a practical method for analysis and calculation of thermal energy consumptions and saving in buildings. The energy required for heating in an industrial building in Kosice, Slovakia was studied using measurements, calculations and dynamic simulations. The energy needed for heating was determined according to the Slovakian and Austrian national standard methods using the simplified calculation method that is applied for non-residential buildings and the ESP-r and BuilOpt-VIE simulation programs. The repeatability of the experimental data and possibility of rapid assessments in an optimized process using these methods were studied. It was found that the clear definitions of the heat consumers inside the building, including all machinery and occupants, are very important for evaluation of energy needed for heating. Using dynamic simulation, it is not possible to reproduce actual temperatures at various heights without prior knowledge of the exact functionality of the heating and cooling systems. The simulations results also indicated that integration of lighting, heat recovery and door opening automation can significantly reduce the heating energy consumption. (citation # 53)
International Journal of Heat and Technology, 2016
In school buildings, the relationship between energy requirements and occupant thermal-hygrometric comfort plays an important role because these buildings are great energy consumers also as the current rules impose large rates of ventilation outside air for classrooms. The goal of this paper is the thermal and energetic comparison of various airconditioning systems that are appropriate for school buildings. Among the different suitable HVAC systems for schools, the following types are considered: all-air system (with constant air volume and heat recovery) and zone heating coils; radiant heating floor panels and primary air; fan-coils and primary air. The analyses are performed on a designed new school building, by means of a dynamic building energy simulation software (Design Builder), based on Energy Plus engine. The simulations are conducted to obtain the trends of various internal environmental parameters for both winter and summer, i.e. temperature, relative humidity and PMV (Predicted Mean Value) index in one classroom. In cooling and heating conditions, the HVAC systems are active, while in the intermediate seasons only mechanical ventilation is working. This study evaluates the performances of different HVAC systems from an energy, thermal comfort and economic point of view. The analyses are conducted for Rome, characterized by Mediterranean climate.
Energy and Buildings, 2012
This research addresses the existing phenomenon in Eastern Europe related to office buildings heated by district heating. For enhanced heating efficiency, an office building is thermally insulated and/or run at a decreased space temperature. After that, in an office inside the building, the tenants may switch from district to less costly electricity heating due to the customary tariffs for district and electrical heating. The effects of this switch are analyzed by using software EnergyPlus. For the investigated office, it is found that a characteristic value of its heat consumption exists below which the heating switch decreases heating costs. In addition, the value of the heat consumption is recognized below which the heating switch also yields the decreased fossil fuel consumption and CO 2 emission. For all cases, the consumed heat consumption, the consumed fossil energy, CO 2 emission, and economic effects are recorded for heating devices in the excluded office. Furthermore, it is analyzed how these variables are influenced by heat transfer between the investigated office, and the adjacent offices.
The Relationship between Energy Consumption and Factors Affecting Heating and Cooling
Architectural research, 2017
Energy consumption in university building has steadily increased over the last decade, and a strong upward trend in recent years. This study was undertaken to analyze the relationship between energy consumption and their affecting factors, six academic buildings were considered. The factors limited to heating and cooling, which is the main end use (nearly 60 per cent of total energy consumption in university buildings), encompassing system and operating schedules (user activity) and area use. To understand how to building is used, operated and managed, walk-through assessment was conducted as well as interview with university staff. The results show that the energy consumption of the humanities building was somewhat smaller than the consumption of the science and engineering building, and its range was from 31.26kgoe/m 2 to 23.52kgoe/m 2 , depending on heating and cooling system and area use. And the energy consumption of the science and engineering building was related to operating schedules (user activity) as well as laboratory equipment characteristics. More analysis on a larger number of buildings is required in the future, including building form and material performance level to generalize the significant factors influencing building energy consumption.
Energy performance analysis of an office building in three climate zones
Energy and Buildings, 2018
Most of the studies encompassing dynamic simulations of multi-storey buildings account only for a few selected zones, to simplify, decrease simulation run-time and to reduce the complexity of the 'to be simulated' model. This conventional method neglects the opportunity to see the interaction between different zones as it relates to whole building performance. This paper presents fifteen individual cases of dynamic simulations of a six-storey office building with 160 zones. The energy performance analysis was conducted for three climate zones including Helsinki in Finland, London in the United Kingdom and Bucharest in Romania. For each location, the following three cases were simulated: (i) building as usual simulated according to valid national building codes; (ii) Energy-efficient (EE) case with selected necessary parameters enhanced to reduce total delivered energy demand; and (iii) nZEB case representing partial enhancement of the EE case based on the parametric analysis. The results of nZEB indicate that for Helsinki, it is possible to reduce the space-heating load by 86%, electricity consumed by lighting, appliance, and HVAC by 32%. For London, the heating load is reduced by 95%, cooling load is slightly increased, and electricity demand is decreased by 33%. For Bucharest, 92% of energy in heating can be saved, cooling energy demand was reduced by 60% and electricity consumption by 34%. Based on the nZEB cases for each location, alternative heating and cooling choices of a radiant floor panel system and radiant ceiling panel system were explored. There are small differences in absolute consumption demand for heating, cooling, and electricity for three cases in each location. The specific energy/m 2 for heating remained nearly the same in all systems for all three cases in each location. Marginal difference in heating energy required for space heating can be seen for London nZEB IHC and London nZEB RCP of 0.8 kWh/m 2 /year and for Bucharest nZEB IHC and Bucharest nZEB RCP case of 1.3 kWh/m 2 /year. RFP has the availability of large surface area for heat exchange and can provide heating at a low temperature and cooling at high temperature, but requires supporting air based cooling during the humid season. For RCP, the limited temperature exchange surface may increase the airflow rate, but supplies it at a lower temperature for the same load.