High Sensitivity Integrated Visible to Mid-Infrared Nonlinear Plasmonic Sensor (original) (raw)
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Chinese Journal of Physics, 2019
This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Highlights-Improvement of transmittance level by 118.08% compared to the initial design.-The best achieved sensor resolution of refractive index with wavelength resolution of 0.01 nm.-The best achieved sensitivity of the proposed design 2602.5 nm/RIU.-Competitive sensor performance is achieved compared with literatures.
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Plasmonic gold nanoantennas are highly efficient nanoscale nonlinear light converters. The nanoantennas provide large resonant light interaction cross sections as well as strongly enhanced local fields. The actual frequency conversion, however, takes places inside the gold volume and is thus ultimately determined by the microscopic gold nonlinearity which has been found to significantly surpass common bulk nonlinear materials. While the influence of the nanoantenna geometry and hence the plasmonic resonance has been studied in great detail, only little attention has been paid to the microscopic material nonlinearity. Here we show that the microscopic third-order nonlinearity of gold is in fact a resonant one by virtue of interband transitions between the d-and sp-bands. Utilizing a large set of resonant nanoantennas and a fiber-feedback optical parametric oscillator as broadband tunable light source, we show that the radiated third harmonic signals significantly increase at the onset of interband transitions, namely, as soon as the third harmonic becomes resonant with allowed interband transitions. With the help of an anharmonic oscillator model and independent reference measurements on a gold film we can unambiguously demonstrate that the observed third harmonic increase is related to a strongly wavelength-dependent microscopic third-order gold nonlinearity, which is additionally underlined by quantitative agreement between simulation and measurement. This additional tuning parameter allows further manipulation and optimization of nonlinear nanoscale systems and thus renders the investigation of other plasmonic materials, especially with interband transitions located in the ultraviolet range, highly intriguing.
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A miniaturized mid-infrared spectral analyzer will find a wide range of applications as a portable device in non-invasive disease diagnosis, environmental monitoring, food safety and others. In this work, we report an integrated spectral analyzer that can be constructed by using Au subwavelength hole arrays as multispectral filters. The hole arrays were fabricated with CMOS compatible processes. The transmission peak of the subwavelength hole arrays is continuously tuned from 3 μm to 14 μm by linearly increasing the periodicity of the holes in each array. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy was applied to spatially map out the transmission of the hole arrays. The results show that each hole array can selectively allow for transmission at a specific wavelength. We further constructed an IR spectral analyzer model based on the microhole multispectral filters to retrieve IR spectral information of two test samples. Our experimental results show that the spectra from the integrated spectral analyzer follow nearly the same pattern of the FTIR spectra of the test samples, proving the potential of the miniaturized spectral analyzer for chemical analysis. Most chemicals have distinct absorption signatures in mid-infrared spectral range. Spectral analysis provides a highly sensitive and selective method for chemical detection, which may find a wide range of applications in gas sensing 1 , noninvasive disease diagnosis 2,3 , security monitoring 4 and others 5-7. For example, two-channel spectral analyzers (InfraTec) for gas sensing have been commercialized by using two separate traditional Fabry-Perot spectral filters. The filtering spectrum of Fabry-Perot filters is determined by the cavity thickness. Each cavity thickness requires one step of microfabrication. It is extremely challenging to integrate a large number of Fabry-Perot filters on chip for constructing a smart multispectral analyzer. More importantly, the "stop band" of Fabry-Perot filters is only a few micrometers wide 8 due to the small contrast in refractive index of the available materials that are transparent in mid-infrared. It is difficult to avoid the cross-talk of the spectral filters in the wide mid-infrared spectrum range (3 µm-30 µm). Surface plasmon resonances (SPR) of noble and transition metals are well known for their capability to enhance light intensity in visible and near infrared range 9,10. Nanostructured metal films have been widely used to construct RGB color filters in visible spectrum 11,12 , aiming to replace the classical organic color filters in digital cameras. Analogically, metallic microhole arrays (MHAs) were also presented for enhancing transmission of mid-infrared light 13,14 , and even terahertz radiation 15,16. Transmission peaks at specific wavelengths could be achieved by properly designing metal MHAs, providing a new approach to realize multispectral infrared photodetectors 17. Here we report plasmonic multispectral filters in mid-infrared that are constructed using a subwavelength hole array in evaporated Au thin film. Nanohole arrays in Au thin film were previously reported as color filters in visible spectrum 18. The plasmonic resonance in the metal film can be shifted from visible to mid-infrared range (3 µm to 14 µm) simply by increasing the size of nanoholes to microscale. The experimental results show that the microhole arrays on germanium (Ge) substrate have a main spectral peak of 60% transmittance with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of ~1.5 µm in addition to some side spectral lobes. The transmission spatial distribution of 30 microhole arrays was also mapped out by a microscopic FTIR spectrometer. Each microhole array shows distinct spectral transmission although some crosstalk is observed for microhole arrays with close physical dimensions.
Properties and sensing characteristics of surface-plasmon resonance in infrared light
Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision, 2003
Conditions of surface-plasmon resonance (SPR) production with use of IR pumping light (800-2300 nm) in the Kretschmann-Raether prism arrangement were investigated. Both calculations and experimental data showed that SPR characteristics in the IR are strongly influenced by the properties of the coupling prism material. Indeed, quite different regularities of plasmon excitation, polarity of sensing response, and sensitivity are observed for two different glasses and silicon. The observed differences in SPR properties are related to essentially different behavior of dispersion characteristics of materials near the SPR coupling point. Methods for improving sensor performance and miniaturizing the SPR technique using novel coupling materials (silicon) are discussed.