Groundwater and sea water desalination using thin film composite membranes (Quseir city, Egypt, case study (original) (raw)
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This study aims to enhance the performance of the flat sheet thin-film composite (TFC) polyamide–polysulfone reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. Composite RO membranes with high salt rejection were fabricated by treating a porous polysulfone (PS) support sequentially with a di-amine and then with a polyfunctional acid chloride, thereby forming a thin film of polyamide (PA) on the PS support. In order to establish conditions for the development of suitable thin-film composite (PS/TFC) membranes, various parametric studies were carried out which included varying the concentration of reactants, reaction time, curing temperature, and curing time for thin-film formation by the interfacial polymerization technique. By suitable combination of these factors, 2.0 wt.% MPD, 0.5 wt.% TMC, 60-s reaction time, 80°C curing temperature, and curing time 10 min., a desired thin film of PA with improved performance for groundwater desalination could be obtained. Further, a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) was utilized to confirm the existence and to examine the morphology of the PS/TFC membrane. Pilot-scale RO filtration unit was used to study the performance of the fabricated membranes for desalinating brackish, saline groundwater of Red Sea coastal area. Salt rejections percent for various feeds were found to be in the range of 90.6–98.5.
Reverse Osmosis Membranes for Desalination of Brackish Water
University of Waterloo, 2020
Reverse osmosis (RO), which is commonly used for different water purification and desalination applications, is a remarkable process to separate dissolved inorganic and organic compounds from water. Over traditional methods of water treatment and purification, RO has many benefits such as production of high quality drinking water, simultaneous elimination of multiple pollutants, and simple operation procedure. As drinking water supplies are declining and demand for high quality water is increasing worldwide, RO membrane based water treatments will most probably continue to develop. This research was aimed at better understanding the behavior of the thin film composite (TFC) polyamide membrane used in RO process under various operating conditions. The performance of RO membrane was evaluated in terms of salt rejection and water flux to simulate brackish water desalination process. The operating conditions included salt concentrations ranging from 2000 to 6000 ppm and operating pressure ranging from 100 to 250 psi. Based on experimental results, the performance of the TFC polyamide RO membrane was estimated at higher operating pressures (300-1000 psi). Based on mass transfer coefficient , solute transport parameter and water permeability that is characteristic of the membrane. In addition, the potential of using the TFC RO membrane to process water during oil and gas productions (with 1.5-2.5 % salt by weight), was demonstrated in this study. Besides simulation, experiments were conducted using real water as the feed solution. Dedication This is dedicated to the one I love. v Table of Contents List of Figures viii List of Tables x List of Tables 2.1 Classification of pressure driven membrane separation processes[9].. .. . .
Reverse osmosis membrane performance for desalination of Algerian brackish water
DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT
Desalination of brackish water (BW) is an effective approach to increase water supply, especially for inland regions that are far from seawater resources. Reverse osmosis (RO) is currently one of the most widely used methods of desalination in the world and widely used. The membranes used in the RO process play a vital role in determining the effectiveness of the desalination process depending on the water qualities feeds. Algeria represents the largest country in Africa characterized by two major regions the Alpine region in the north and the Saharan platform in the south. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the desalination process by assessing the performance of RO polyamide thin-film composite membrane (TW30-2540) purchased from Dow Chemical Company in terms of water permeability, salt permeability, selectivity and mass transfer coefficient using three different brackish water sources from the Alpine region. These regions are characterized by the high salinity of water. In conclusion, our study showed that TW30.2540 membrane could be used for desalination of brackish water with less cost compared with the currently used membranes BW30.2540, XLE 2540. The TW30.2540 membrane removed efficiently (97%) the salts referred by the total dissolved salt.
Bulletin of the Faculty of Engineering. Mansoura University
This paper discusses the performance and characteristics of desalination membranes used in treatment of water for potable use. In this study, The Desalination Economic Evaluation Program (DEEP) is a spreadsheet tool originally developed for the IAEA by General Atomics and later expanded in scope by the IAEA, The DEEP-5.1 version program allows designers and decision makers to compare performance and cost estimates of various desalination and power configurations. Desalination options modeled include MSF, MED, VC,RO and hybrid systems. This paper presents the results of the operational performance of RO units in experimental scale. The rate of decline of productivity for a period 38 Days is examined and described by simple power law function. The evaluation of the solvent and salt permeability coefficients with the time of operation is quantified. The results show the recovery, pressure and conductivity across the membrane for 38 days test run. Also, the results show the effect of chemical additives and operational parameters on the performance of the membrane during the cleaning. Based on such individual RO module data (one year) the product flow rate and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) performance is calculated and RO module replacement ratio can be estimated. These developments can be utilized to improve the quality of surface seawater feed to the level comparable to, or better than the water quality from the well water sources. These new developments enable a more advanced RO system design which should result in increased reliability and lower water cost. And compare the result of reverse osmosis desalination conventional system with a mathematical model is built and solved with ROSA computer programs to get results for the design calculations of the reverse osmosis mode used to remove salt from the feed water. The principles of the reverse osmosis mode, the conditions and factors affecting their operation, are discussed. The number of stages with their arrangements in the reverse osmosis mode is calculated using the ROSA Program. A mathematical model and computer programs including all the mentioned cases are built and applied on the reverse osmosis mode of water stations. The results of these calculations are compared with the practical results and showed a fair good agreement.
Applications of synthesized nano composite membranes for water purification in Iraqi brackish water
The objective of this research is to study the properties of salt water in Wassit Province (Iraq), represented by water of general downstream river( TDS 4054 mg/L), that established to be channel tanker salt water to the Gulf and means to revive more than 6 million acres of farmland in order to increase the yield produced by this land. Trying purified, using nanoscale membranes containing MWCNTs and MCM-41 nanomaterial. Poly sulfone support layers were containing (0.0, and 0.4w. %) MWCNTs are used as ultrafiltration membranes and two types of synthesis membranes, TFC (thin film composite membrane) and 0.05TFN0.4 (nanocomposite membrane containing 0.4w. %MWCNTs in support layer and 0.05w. % MCM-41 in thin layer) were used in this study. All types of membranes were synthesized in laboratory of Building and Construction Engineering Department – University of Technology- Baghdad using chemical ACS reagents grade. The application of the synthesized nanocoposite membrane shows good capabi...
Membrane desalination technologies in water treatment: A review
Water Practice and Technology
One of the most pressing problems worldwide is inadequate access to potable water. Many technologies have been applied to address this through research to find robust but inexpensive methods of desalination that offer high fluxes and use less energy, while reducing chemical use and environmental impact. Membrane desalination technology is universally considered to solve water shortage problems due to its high efficiency and lower energy consumption than distillation methods. This review focuses on the desalination performance of membrane technologies with consideration of the effect of driving force, potential technologies, membrane types, flux, energy consumption and operating temperature, etc. Pressure driven membrane processes (MF, UF, NF, RO), and their fouling propensity and major drawbacks are discussed briefly. Membrane characteristics and the effects of operating conditions on desalination are also covered. Organic-hybrid and inorganic membrane materials can offer advantages...
The aim of the present work is synthesis, characterization and performance evaluation of modified Polysulfone/ polyvinyl alcohol (PS/PVA) thin film composite (TFC) membranes. The modification was carried out for PS support layer and/or crosslinked PVA barrier layer using titanium dioxide (TiO 2) nanoparticles. Gultaraldehyde (GA) was used as a cross-linker of PVA. The synthesized thin film composite (TFC) or thin film nanocomposite (TFNC) membranes were characterized by measuring the contact angle, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The membranes performance included permeate flux (L.m-2 .hr-1) and salt rejection (%) was evaluated as a function of synthesis and operation conditions. The obtained results showed that the membranes prepared from PS coated with TiO 2 (o.25 wt. %) for 30 min immersing time, 0.1wt. % PVA crosslinked with GA solution concentration of (3% wt. %) and cured at a temperature of 75±2°C for 60 min gave the optimum performance. Also, the modification of PS-PVA/TFC membranes using TiO 2 nanoparticles improved permeate flux from 9.32 to 11.56 (L.m-2 .hr-1) with a slight increase in salt rejection from 76.79 to 78%. The salt rejection percent increased with increasing the cross-linker concentration, curing time and temperature as well as applied pressure and decreased with the feed concentration and vice versa in case of permeate flux for such factors except applied pressure. The desalination of two groundwater samples (brackish and saline) were performed using the best synthesized TFNC membrane to study the behavior of hypothetical salts during the desalination process.
Desalination, 1998
In this new approach to membrane and thermal seawater desalination processes developed by the Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC), R&D Center, a nanofiltration (NF) membrane unit, which received non-coagulated filtered seawater feed, was placed ahead of the SWRO and the MSF pilot plant units to form, for the first time ever, fully integrated desalination systems of an NF-SWRO, NF-MSF, and NF-SWROreject-MSF. Preliminary results were presented at the IDA World Congress, Madrid '97. Further results obtained in this investigation at a pressure of 22 bars showed that the NF unit reduced turbidity and microorganisms, removed hardness ions of Ca++, Mg++, SO4=, HCO3−, and total hardness by 89.6%, 94.0%, 97.8%, 76.6% and 93.3%, respectively. The system also resulted in the reduction of the monovalent ions of Cl−, Na+, K+ each by 40.3% and the overall seawater TDS by 57.7%. The seawater (NF permeate water) produced by this process is considerably different in composition from (Gulf) seawater, and quality-wise is far superior to it as a feed to seawater desalination plants, and moreover without the problems normally associated with high concentration in seawater of scale forming ions, high TDS, high turbidity and microorganisms. This made it possible to operate both the SWRO and MSF pilot plants at high water recovery: 70% and 80%, respectively. It also allowed for the successful operation of the MSF unit at top brine temperature of 120°C without the addition to the make-up of antiscalant or acid or antifoam. The said desalination arrangements lead to significant improvement in the seawater desalination processes by lowering their energy consumption, by about 25–30%, and reducing chemical consumption thereby making the process more friendly to the marine environment. The observed increases in their product water output and recovery ratio by more than 70% resulted in the ultimate benefit of lowering the estimated cost of fresh water production by more than 27%. The SWRO permeate produced from the NF-SWRO arrangement has very low TDS, ≤200 ppm, making the requirement for a second-stage RO treatment of the SWRO permeate unnecessary. Moreover, the use of the desalination arrangement NF-SWROreject-MSF should allow for the conversion of up to 90% of the NF product into fresh water, where about 65% of the NF product is converted to fresh water by the SWRO unit and 25% of SWRO reject is converted by the MSF unit. Definitely, the achievement of the above results represents a milestone in seawater desalination technology. The paper describes the results obtained, the experimental approach used in this investigation along with description of the NF-SWRO, NF-MSF and NF-SWROreject-MSF pilot plants employed in this study. A simulated desalination model which compares the operation of existing SWRO plants with and without the NF modification is also described along with the technoeconomics of process analysis.
Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 2020
A Polysulfone-Polyethylene glycol (PS/PEG) flat sheet membrane was prepared by phase inversion technique. Dimethyl Formamide (DMF) was utilized as a solvent and deionized water was utilized as the coagulant. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) of a various dose of PEG 2000 was utilized as the polymeric improvers and as a pore-forming agent in the casting mixture. The single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNTs), multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) were utilized to improve the PS/PEG membrane performances. The characterizations of the neat PS, PS/PEG, PS/PEG/Al2O3 (M1) PS-PEG/CuO (M2), PS-PEG/SWCNTs (M3) and PS/PEG/MWCNTs (M14) nanocomposite (NC) modified membranes were acquired via Fourier-transform infrared analysis (FTIR), water contact angle estimation (WCA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Enhanced Direct contact membrane distillation (EDCMD) unit was used for estimating the efficiency of the performance of the synthesized NC membranes via 60°C feed synthetic water and/or saline oil field produced water samples containing salinities 123,14 mg/L. Adjusting the operational procedures and water characteristics confirmed a high salt rejection of 99.99% by the synthesized NC membranes. The maximum permeate flux