Environmentally benign catalytic technology for refining and petrochemical production (original) (raw)
Related papers
Development of Catalytic Technology for Producing Sustainable Energy
2013
It would not have been possible to write this dissertation without the help and support of the kind people around me, to only some of whom it is possible to give particular mention here. Above all, I am heartily thankful for the patience, guidance and helpful ideas of my principal advisers, Dr. Babu Joseph and Dr. John T. Wolan (late), not to mention their support in allaying of my fears that arose during the course of my graduate school experience. I would also like to thank the department chairperson, Dr. Venkat Bhethanabotla for his guidance and assistance after passing away of Dr. John T. Wolan. The expertise of Dr. John Kuhn's Group from Heterogeneous Catalysis Laboratory, with regard to Temperature Program Reduction came in very handy. I am thankful to Haitao "Eddie" Li of the USF Green Energy Systems Lab for his help with the BET measurements in this work, I am most grateful to Robert Tufts from NREC, who trained me on the use of the XRD system. I also want to mention Yusuf Emirov for his help and patience during SEM analysis of eggshell catalyst. Last, but by no means least, I want to thank my wife Arusa Aleen Gardezi for her constant support. Like a guardian angel, she stands by my side and appeases me whenever I am in dire strait. i TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .
Meeting Report: 23 Saudi Japan Symposium on Catalysts in refining and Petrochemicals
Catalysis Surveys from Asia
More than 110 scientists, engineers, catalyst experts and researchers from Japan, Saudi Arabia, Spain, the Czech Republic, and the UK participated in the two-day symposium on refining and petrochemical catalysts held on December 2-3, 2013 at King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. The annual symposium was jointly organized by KFUPM, the Japan Petroleum Institute (JPI), and Japan Cooperation Center, Petroleum (JCCP) to discuss latest advances in catalysts for refining and chemical processing. At this year's symposium, there are 18 presentations in six sessions featuring papers on gasoline upgrade, hydrodesulfurization (HDS), fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), catalytic olefins, dehydrogenation, recycling, alkylation, catalyst characterization, mechanism and polymerization catalysts. Full papers can be accessed via www.kfupm.edu.sa/catsymp
封面: 孙海杰等发现 Ru-Mn 催化剂中 Mn 以 Mn 3 O 4 形式存在于 Ru 的 表面. Mn 3 O 4 可与浆液中的 ZnSO 4 反应生成 [Zn(OH) 2 ] 3 (ZnSO 4 )(H 2 O) 3 盐. 该盐起着提高 Ru 催化剂上环己烯选择性的关键作用. 见本期第 684-694 页. Cover: In their article on pages 684-694, Sun and coworkers report that a Ru-Mn catalyst with an optimum Mn content of 5.4% gave a cyclohexene yield of 61.3%. They confirmed that the chemisorbed [Zn(OH) 2 ] 3 (ZnSO 4 )(H 2 O) 3 salt, which was formed by the reaction of Mn 3 O 4 with ZnSO 4 in the slurry, improved the cyclohexene selectivity over the Ru catalyst.
In reviewing the results presented in this paper, the following conclusions have been formulated: . The catalyst synthesis examples described in this paper demonstrate that tailoring the pore architecture of catalysts has several benefits. Higher overall reaction rates and yields can be obtained and, in certain cases, catalyst stability is also improved by reducing the formation of catalyst deactivating precursors. . The “DrySyn” synthesis procedure can be optimized to make zeolite catalysts with ultra-small crystallites. This may benefit the development of catalysts with high intrinsic activity. The synthesis is very effective if mesoporous supports are used to achieve a high degree of utilization. . Inserting Y as well as beta in TUD-1 materials increases catalyst activity for aromatics alkylation to levels that have not been achieved with conventional zeolite catalysts. The open, three-dimensional pore structure of TUD-1 is a key contributor to this achievement. It is expected that similar performance improvements will be realized for other reactions that are commercially practiced at conditions imposing mass transfer limitations. . The intra-reactor reheat concept as practiced in SMART should, in principle, be applicable to other strongly endothermic dehydrogenation reactions. Applied at the catalyst level, as shown in the CPO example, it is speculated that intrareactor reheat can be used for in-situ catalyst regeneration during operation. . Catalytic distillation is a prime example of what can be achieved by process intensification. Although the technology has already been applied commercially for various processes, it is expected that the family will keep growing. Tailoring of existing catalysts may be required to allow operation in the liquid phase at boiling conditions. . The multifunctional reactor examples show that by applying intra-reactor intensification, mature high-volume petrochemical processes can be improved. As illustrated in the CPO example, intra-reactor heat transfer can be applied beneficially in the development of emerging technologies. To achieve optimum success, more multidisciplinary teams are needed to address the current and future needs of the process industry. The teams should contain catalyst synthesis experts as well as knowledgeable reaction engineers. Furthermore, it is recommendable to encourage industry–university collaborations. This can be very synergistic because the participants can extend and reinforce each other’s efforts, taking full advantage of their complementary capabilities.
The consumption of petroleum transportation fuels has been increasing in most countries for the past three decades. However, the demand for such fuels will continuously increase due to the growth of the number of automobile and automotive owners worldwide. Absolutely, petroleum for the coming two to three decades will continue to play a major role in satisfying the transportation fuel market demand. Keeping in mind, Fuel consumption, energy efficiency, air quality are of concern nowadays. However, oil based transportation fuels that can now be produced comply with stringent environmental standards. A new proposed guidelines to limit sulfur in diesel fuel to less than 10 ppm and aromatics in gasoline fuel to less than 20 wt %, beginning in 2013. Recently, In the USA, sulfur content of diesel fuel has to be reduced from 500 ppmwt as low sulfur diesel (LSD) down to less than 15 ppmwt using ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) by Dec. 1, 2010. The main challenge for diesel fuel processing is the most refractory sulfur molecules that remain in the diesel fuel after the sulfur reduction to 500 ppmwt level by conventional hydrodesulfurization process. On the Otherhand, During the production of gasoline fuel, longer chain streams C6-C12 reformed in catalytic naphtha reforming unit (CNRU) called reformates have high-octane number where those streams contain over 60% aromatics, and their use in reformulated gasoline should therefore be limited. Indeed, reduction of sulfur in diesel fuels and aromatics in reformulated gasoline contributes to the decrease of exhaust gas emissions (Sox, NOx) mainly hydrocarbons (HC) and particulate matter (PM) which tends to improve the Cetane number of diesel fuel, but will reflect negatively on the performance of gasoline fuels since aromatics are the major contributors to enhance the research octane number. However, the demand for ultra low sulfur and aromatics content in transportation fuels will reflect in major consequences for the refineries as well as significant resources will have to be committed to improve the hydrotreating and catalytic naphtha reforming processes as well as to introduce new and more developed active catalysts. A detailed review of the commercially existing processes of catalytic naphtha reforming and hydrodesulfurization from different aspects such as catalysis, feedstocks, operating conditions and reaction network as well as modeling and optimization work achieved in this area is reported in this book.
Heterogeneous Catalysts in the Process of Petrochemical Industry Byproducts Utilization
2011
Search for effective heterogeneous catalysts for the olefin-containing fractions of liquid products of oil stock pyrolysis cooligomerization process has a great industrial and environmental importance. These fractions are the petrochemical industry wastes that require utilization. And cooligomeric products production from them is the most reasonable way of their utilization. These products have a wide range of applications. They are used in paint, rubber industry, papermaking, printing inks, corrosion-resistant coating, pavement, for woodworking and fiberboard production, for various building materials and composite materials production, etc. Manufacturing processes, based on the use of conventional homogeneous Friedel-Crafts and Ziegler-Natta catalysts, presuppose the formation of large quantities of environmentally hazardous waste water. The purpose of our research is to develop an effective technique of these petrochemical industry wastes utilization by means of their cooligomeri...