Public Health Impact of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2) in the first year of rollout in the United States (original) (raw)
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Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines: Evidence from the First-Year Rollout of Vaccination Programs
Vaccines, 2022
The COVID-19 pandemic has raised a number of new realities, sets of data, and opportunities for data-driven approaches, decisions, and conclusions. One particular area for which developments and data have been made available in record time is related to vaccines and their impacts on health conditions and saving lives. In this article, we use public domain information to study the prevalence of vaccines in different countries and how they can save lives. We conclude that there are different clusters of countries, for some of which solid statistical models were built, and show that vaccination rates provide significant contributions to saving lives in such countries, with impacts that can be computed by simulations based upon these models.
PLOS ONE
In December 2020, an interim recommendation for the use of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine in persons aged ≥16 years was made under Food and Drug Administration’s Emergency Use Authorization. In preparation for Biologics License Application approval, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to inform the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Advisory Committee for Immunization Practice’s (ACIP) decision-making for a standard recommendation. We conducted a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine effectiveness (VE) against symptomatic COVID-19, hospitalization due to COVID-19, death due to COVID-19, and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. We identified studies through August 20, 2021 from an ongoing systematic review conducted by the International Vaccine Access Center and the World Health Organization. We evaluated each study for risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Pooled estimates were calculated using meta-analysis. The ...
Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, 2021
With vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) being introduced in countries across the world, policy makers are facing many practical considerations about how best to implement a vaccination programme. The supply of vaccines is insufficient for the global population, so decisions must be made as to which groups are prioritised for any vaccination and when. Furthermore, the aims of vaccination programmes will differ between countries, with some prioritising economic benefits that could stem from the relaxation of non-pharmaceutical interventions and others seeking simply to reduce the number of COVID-19 cases or deaths. This paper aims to share the experiences and lessons learned from conducting economic evaluations in Singapore and Thailand on hypothetical COVID-19 vaccines to provide a basis for other countries to develop their own contextualised economic evaluations, with particular focus on the key uncertainties, technical challenges, and characteristics that modellers should consider in partnership with key stakeholders. Which vaccines, vaccination strategies, and policy responses are most economically beneficial remains uncertain. It is therefore important for all governments to conduct their own analyses to inform local policy responses to COVID-19, including the implementation of COVID-19 vaccines in both the short and the long run. It is essential that such studies are designed, and ideally conducted, before vaccines are introduced so that policy decisions and implementation procedures are not delayed.
Vaccines
Since the authorization of the first COVID-19 vaccines in December 2020, multiple studies using real-world data (RWD) have been published to assess their effectiveness/safety profile. This systematic review aimed to characterize the methods and outcomes of studies using RWD for assessment of COVID-19 vaccines, four months after vaccine approval. MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched to identify published studies until 6 May 2021. Two independent researchers selected relevant publications and extracted data from included studies. The risk of bias was assessed using New-Castle Ottawa tools. After screening 1086 studies, 15 were included. Out of the 15 studies, 12 (80%) followed a cohort design, 8 (53%) were based on USA data, 7 (47%) assessed health care professionals, and 14 articles (93%) assessed the BNT162b2 vaccine. Data sources included institutional databases, electronic health records, and patient-generated data. The primary endpoint mainly described was SARS-CoV-2-infection. Hospi...
Canada communicable disease report, 2023
Background: Vaccination has been a key part of Canada's coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic response. Although the clinical benefits of vaccination are clear, an understanding of the population-level benefits of vaccination relative to the programmatic costs is of value. The objective of this article is to quantify the economic impact of COVID-19 vaccination in the Canadian population between December 2020 and March 2022. Methods: We conducted a model-based cost-benefit analysis of Canada's COVID-19 vaccination program. We used an epidemiological model to estimate the number of COVID-19 symptomatic cases, hospitalizations, post-COVID condition (PCC) cases, and deaths in the presence and absence of vaccination. Median, lower and upper 95% credible interval (95% CrI) outcome values from 100 model simulations were used to estimate the direct and indirect costs of illness, including the value of health. We used a societal perspective and a 1.5% discount rate. Results: We estimated that the costs of the vaccination program were far outweighed by the savings associated with averted infections and associated downstream consequences. Vaccination increased the net benefit by CAD 298.1billion(95298.1 billion (95% CrI: 27.2-494.6) compared to the no vaccination counterfactual. The largest benefits were due to averted premature mortality, resulting in an estimated 298.1billion(95222.0 billion (95% CrI: 31.2-379.0) benefit. Conclusion: Our model-based economic evaluation provides a retrospective assessment of COVID-19 vaccination during the first 16 months of the program in Canada and suggests that it was welfare-improving, considering the decreased hospitalizations and use of healthcare resources, deaths averted and lower morbidity from conditions such as PCC.
Lives and Costs Saved by Expanding and Expediting Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination
The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2021
See the Editorial Commentary by Heaton, on pages 931-3.) Background. With multiple coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines available, understanding the epidemiologic, clinical, and economic value of increasing coverage levels and expediting vaccination is important. Methods. We developed a computational model (transmission and age-stratified clinical and economics outcome model) representing the United States population, COVID-19 coronavirus spread (February 2020-December 2022), and vaccination to determine the impact of increasing coverage and expediting time to achieve coverage. Results. When achieving a given vaccination coverage in 270 days (70% vaccine efficacy), every 1% increase in coverage can avert an average of 876 800 (217 000-2 398 000) cases, varying with the number of people already vaccinated. For example, each 1% increase between 40% and 50% coverage can prevent 1.5 million cases, 56 240 hospitalizations, and 6660 deaths; gain 77 590 qualityadjusted life-years (QALYs); and save 602.8millionindirectmedicalcostsand602.8 million in direct medical costs and 602.8millionindirectmedicalcostsand1.3 billion in productivity losses. Expediting to 180 days could save an additional 5.8 million cases, 215 790 hospitalizations, 26 370 deaths, 206 520 QALYs, 3.5billionindirectmedicalcosts,and3.5 billion in direct medical costs, and 3.5billionindirectmedicalcosts,and4.3 billion in productivity losses. Conclusions. Our study quantifies the potential value of decreasing vaccine hesitancy and increasing vaccination coverage and how this value may decrease with the time it takes to achieve coverage, emphasizing the need to reach high coverage levels as soon as possible, especially before the fall/winter.
COVID-19 Vaccination: Early Estimates of a Relative Post Interventional Case Fatality Risk
Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research
Background: Recent epidemiological studies have demonstrated the efficacy of vaccines in reducing COVID-19 absolute case-fatality risks (CFRs) on a real-world global scale. However, these studies used cumulative (add-on) deaths and case accounts as nominators and denominators respectively. This study aims to shed light on the relative post-COVID-19 vaccination non– cumulative CFR as a tool in monitoring the effectiveness of this intervention. Methodology: We used post-vaccination non- cumulative counts of deaths and cases as at April 3, 2021, for a comparison of pre-COVID-19 vaccination data. Sixteen countries/territories, which ran the COVID-19 vaccination program for at least a hundred days, were included in the study. A matched paired t-test and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) test were used for statistical analyses. Results: The relative post-COVID-19 vaccination CFRs are less than absolute (cumulative) CFRs and less than pre-vaccination CFRs. The matched paired t-te...
Vaccines, 2022
Objective The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has imposed significant costs on economies. Safe and effective vaccines are a key tool to control the pandemic; however, vaccination programs can be costly. Are the benefits they bestow worth the costs they incur? The relative value of COVID-19 vaccines has not been widely assessed. In this study, a cost-effectiveness analysis was performed to provide evidence of the economic value of vaccines in Hong Kong. Method We developed a Markov model of COVID-19 infections using a susceptible–infected–recovered structure over a 1-year time horizon from a Hong Kong healthcare sector perspective to measure resource utilization, economic burden, and disease outcomes. The model consisted of two arms: do nothing and implement a vaccination program. We assessed effectiveness using units of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) to measure the incremental cost-effectiveness at a HKD 1,000,000/QALY threshold. Results The vaccination program, wh...
COVID-19 vaccine decisions: considering the choices and opportunities
Microbes and Infection, 2021
Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre-including this research content-immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active. Commentary COVID-19 vaccine decisions: considering the choices and opportunities
Analyzing the U.S. Post-marketing safety surveillance of COVID-19 vaccines
2021
BackgroundSince December 2020, three COVID-19 vaccines have been authorized in the United States (U.S.) and were proceeded by large immunization programs. The aim of this study was to characterize the U.S. post-marketing safety (PMS) profiles of these vaccines with an in-depth analysis of mortality data.MethodsThis was a retrospective database analysis study. Details of the U.S. PMS reports (15 December 2020 to 19 March 2021) of the three vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, and Janssen Ad26.COV2.S) were retrieved from the U.S. Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). A descriptive analysis was conducted to characterize the reported adverse events (AEs). A comparative (Pfizer-BioNTech vs. Moderna) analysis of mortality was conducted. The mean count ratio of death between the two vaccines was estimated using a negative binomial regression model adjusting for the measured confounders.ResultsA total of 44,451 AE reports were retrieved (corresponding to 0.05% of the U.S. populatio...