Phenolic Compounds and Biological Activities of Scorzonera ketzkhowelii Sosn. Ex Grossh. (Asteraceae) (original) (raw)
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Recent Development in Bioactive Compounds and Health Benefits of Kumquat Fruits
Food Reviews International , 2022
This review paper aims to compile recent literature available regarding the overall chemical compositions, nutritional properties, essential oils, bioactive compounds and health benefits of Kumquat fruits. Kumquat fruits contain a high level of polyphenols, essential oils, minerals and vitamins, especially vitamin C. The essential oil (EO) profile of Kumquat fruit varies among different sub-species and parts of fruits. Limonene was the major EO detected in the Kumquat fruit. In addition, a significant amount of total phenolic content (TPC) and flavonoids was also observed in the kumquat extract. The TPC and flavonoid content of Kumquat fruit were significantly influenced by drying temperature, drying duration, and extraction solvents. The application of hot water as an extraction solvent resulted in efficient extraction of TPC and flavonoids compared to ethanol and methanol. In addition, Kumquat fruits exhibit potent antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, liver protection, and anti-cancer activity. Overall, this review will be a positive addition to the existing knowledge of this field. This paper will support the researchers and industries to select raw materials with high nutritional value and potent biological activity. In addition, this report will help to select an appropriate method and raw material to generate valueadded products from Kumquat by-products.
Flavonoids in tropical citrus species
2011
HPLC with PDA and MS 2 detection was used to identify and quantify flavonoids in the tropical citrus species Citrus microcarpa, Citrus hystrix, Citrus medica var. 1 and 2, and Citrus suhuiensis. Most of these species contained high amounts of flavones, flavanones, and dihydrochalcone C-and/or O-glycosides, which were identified on the basis of HPLC retention times, cochromatography with available authentic standards, absorbance spectra, and mass spectral fragmentation patterns. Among the major compounds detected were apigenin-6,8-di-C-glucoside, apigenin-8-C-glucosyl-2 00-O-rhamnoside, phloretin-3 0 ,5 0-di-C-glucoside, diosmetin-7-O-rutinoside, hesperetin-7-O-neohesperidoside, and hesperetin-7-O-rutinoside. Most of the dihydrochalcone and flavone C-glycosides have not previously been detected in tropical citrus. C. microcarpa contained a high amount of phloretin-3 0 ,5 0di-C-glucoside. Most of the tropical citrus flavanones were neohesperidoside conjugates, which are responsible for imparting a bitter taste to the fruit. Only C. suhuiensis fruit contains rutinoside, a nonbitter conjugate. KEYWORDS: tropical citrus, flavanones, dihydrochalcones, C-and O-glycosides, HPLC-PDA-MS 2 ' MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant Materials. Tropical citrus fruits and, in some instances, leaves were bought from Kampung Baru Market, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Whenever possible, citrus fruits from the same farmer were chosen. Samples were dried using an oven at 40°C and stored at À20°C prior to analysis. Chemicals. Diosmetin, apigenin, phloretin, hesperetin-7-O-rutinoside, naringenin-7-O-rutinoside, diosmetin-7-O-rutinoside, and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside were obtained from AASC Ltd. (Southampton, U.K.). Apigenin-8-C-glucosyl-2 00-O-rhamnoside (vitexin-2 00-O-rhamnoside), quercetin, and diosmetin-7-O-neohesperidoside were purchased from Extrasynthase (Genay, France). Apin Chemical Ltd. (Abingdon, Oxon, U.K.) supplied luteolin. Hesperetin-7-O-neohesperidoside, isosakuranetin-7-O-rutinoside, eriodictyol-7-O-rutinoside, eriodictyol-7-O-neohesperidoside, and formic acid were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (Poole, Dorset, U.K.). HPLC solvents were obtained from Rathburn Chemicals (Walkerburn, Scotland, U.K.). Hydrochloric acid was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, Leicestershire, U.K.). Methanol was supplied from Rathburn Chemicals (Walkerburn, Scotland, U.K.). All other chemicals and reagents were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich unless otherwise stated. Extraction of Citrus Tissues. Five gram aliquots of dried citrus tissues were soaked in 10 mL of acidified methanol (0.1% HCl) for 60 min and were centrifuged at 4000g for 20 min at 4°C. The pellet was extracted twice more with the same solvent and the combined methanolic extract reduced to dryness in vacuo using a rotary evaporator and redissolved in 10 mL of acidified methanol. All samples were subdivided into 2 mL aliquots and stored at À20°C before analysis. Acid Hydrolysis. Conjugated flavonoids in a C. microcarpa flesh extract were subjected to acid treatment using a method adapted from Maatta et al. 7 Six hundred microliters of 5 M HCl was added to 1400 μL of flesh extract in a 3 mL glass V-vial. A Teflon-coated magnetic stirrer
An Overview of Bioactive Flavonoids from Citrus Fruits
Applied Sciences
Citrus species are one of the world’s popular fruit crops, cultivated all over the world for their economic and nutritional values. Citrus, like other fruits and vegetables, are an important source of several antioxidant molecules (polyphenols, ascorbic acid, and carotenoids) that can inhibit the harmful effects of free radicals on the human body; due to their functional values and health-promoting properties, Citrus species are considered valuable fruits not only in agri-food industry, but also in pharmaceutical industry. Flavonoids are among the major constituents of polyphenols found in different parts of Citrus fruits (skin, peels, seed, pulp membrane, and juice). Flavonoids have different biological properties (antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial activities). Several studies have also shown the health-related properties of Citrus flavonoids, especially antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammation, anti-aging, and cardiovascular protection activities. In the present review, a...
2014
Peels and edible pulp from three species of citrus including Citrus aurantifolia (varieties pica and sutil) and Citrus x lemon var. Genova widely cultivated and consumed in Northern Chile (I and II region) were analyzed for phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity for the first time. A high performance electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-UV-ESI-MS) method was developed for the rapid identification of phenolics in extracts from peels and juices of all species. Several flavonoids including one kaempferol-O-hexoside (peak 16) and one hesperidin derivative (peak 22) three quercetin derivatives (peaks 4, 19 and 36), five isorhamnetin derivatives (peaks 5, 23, 24, 26 and 29) four luteolin derivatives (peaks 14, 25, 27 and 40), seven apigenin derivatives (peaks 2, 3, 12, 20, 34, 35 and 39), seven diosmetin derivatives (peaks 7-9, 17, 21, 31 and 37), three chrysoeriol derivatives (peaks 10, 18 and 30), and four eryodictiol derivatives (peaks 6, 13, 15 and 38) were identified in negative and positive mode using full scan mass measurements and MS n fragmentations. Ascorbic acid content was higher in the pulps of
Phytochemistry and biological activity of Spanish Citrus fruits
Food & Function, 2014
The evaluation of the potential inhibitory activity on a-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase by Citrus spp. fruits of Spanish origin (lemon, orange, grapefruit, lime, and mandarin) together with the evaluation of their phytochemical content and antioxidant capacity (DPPHc, ORACFL, ABTS + , FRAP and O 2 c À ) aiming for new applications of the fruits in nutrition and health was carried out. As far as we are aware, the presence of 3-O-caffeoylferuoylquinic acid and two hydrated feruloylquinic acids in orange and the presence of 3,5-diferuoylquinic acid in grapefruit have been reported for the first time. Although grapefruit showed higher contents of phytochemicals such as flavanones and vitamin C, lemon and lime showed higher potential for inhibitory effects on lipase, and lime also showed the best results for in vitro a-glucosidase inhibition. On the other hand, higher antioxidant capacity was reported for grapefruit, lemon and lime, which correlated well with their phytochemical composition. Based on the results, it could be concluded that Citrus fruits are of great value for nutrition and treatment of diet-related diseases such as obesity and diabetes, and consequently, a new field of interest in the food industry regarding new bioactive ingredients would be considered.
Citrus flavonoids: Molecular structure, biological activity and nutritional properties: A review
Epidemiological studies have shown an inverse relationship between dietary flavonoid intakes and cardiovascular diseases. Citrus fruits are the main winter fruits consumed in the Mediterranean diet, so they are the main source of dietary flavonoids. The possible beneficial effects are due, not only to the high amounts of vitamins and minerals, but also to the antioxidant properties of their flavonoids. Dietary flavonoids may help to supplement the body antioxidant defences against free radicals. These compounds’ possible beneficial effects are due to their antioxidant activity, which is related to the development of atherosclerosis and cancer, and to antiinflammatory and antimicrobial activity. The present review summarizes the existing bibliography on biological and pharmacological studies of Citrus flavonoids, both in vitro and in vivo.
Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 2017
Citrus macroptera Montruz. is one of the citrus species belonging to Rutaceae family, commonly known as wild orange. The fruits were collected, its rind was dried, powdered and organic extracts; aqueous (NC1), methanol (NC2), aqueous methanol (NC3) were primed. Phytochemical screening of different extracts were performed qualitatively. The various test demonstrated the presence of alkaloid, phenolic, flavonoid, Coumarin glycosides, Saponin glycoside, Mucilage. Among the tested samples, methanol extract (NC2) showed highest phenolic content (7.47 ± 0.01 μg/g) Gallic acid equivalent. Methanolic extract also showed highest flavonoid content (7.28 ± 0.12 μg/g) Quercetin equivalent. Flavonol content was less in all the extract, the highest content was however present in aqueous methanol extract (1.07 ± 0.19 μg/g) Quercetin equivalent.
Food Research International, 2011
The extracts from kinnow peel, kinnow seeds, litchi pericarp, litchi seeds, grape seeds, and banana peel were screened for total phenolic content (TPC), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), 1,1 diphenyl-2picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, as well as reducing power. Kinnow peel extract exhibited the highest reducing power, TEAC, and DPPH free radical scavenging activity, whereas, the phenolic content of 37.4 mg GAE/g-dw was highest for grape seed extract. Banana peel extract with a low TPC showed the lowest reducing power, TEAC as well as DPPH free radical scavenging activity among the fruit residue extracts examined in the present study. Correlation analysis between the reducing power and DPPH radical scavenging ability; reducing power and ABTS radical scavenging activity; and ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging abilities showed a high degree of correlation (r 2 = 0.85-0.91). However, r 2 of 0.36, 0.66, and 0.49 between TPC and DPPH radical scavenging activity; TPC and reducing power; and TPC and ABTS radical scavenging ability, respectively, indicated that some non-phenolic compounds also contributed to the total antioxidant activity in fruit residue extracts examined in this study. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper presenting comprehensive data on TPC, reducing power, and antioxidant activity for the six fruit residues. This study demonstrated that kinnow peel, litchi pericarp, litchi seeds, and grape seeds, can serve as potential sources of antioxidants for use in food and pharmaceutical industry.
Antioxidants, 2022
The increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains contributes to the reduced risk of many diseases related to metabolic syndrome, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, and cancer. Citrus, the genus Citrus L., is one of the most important fruit crops, rich in carotenoids, flavonoids, terpenes, limonoids, and many other bioactive compounds of nutritional and nutraceutical value. Moreover, polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs), a unique class of bioactive flavonoids, abundantly occur in citrus fruits. In addition, citrus essential oil, rich in limonoids and terpenes, is an economically important product due to its potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and flavoring properties. Mechanistic, observational, and intervention studies have demonstrated the health benefits of citrus bioactives in minimizing the risk of metabolic syndrome. This review provides a comprehensive view of the composition of carotenoids, flavonoids, terpenes, and limon...