Phenology of Some Phanerogams (Trees and Shrubs) of Northwestern Punjab, India (original) (raw)
Related papers
2021
District Jhelum is located in the extremely diverse province of Punjab, Pakistan, and flowering event in plants is always influenced by the environment. This study was conducted during 2018 to 2020 to investigate the climatic effects on flowering cycle of plants. The main focus of the study was to find out the particular association between flowering phenology of plants and climatic variables. Month-wise phenological response of plants was recorded during frequent field visits at multiple representative microhabitats. The response data is saved as binary data matrix, and mean monthly climatic data is obtained through remote sensing, and analysed by using multivariate analyses like canonical correspondence analysis, hierarchical classification and pseudocanonical correlation. CCA and Hierarchical classification were applied to assess the importance climatic variations towards the flowering phenological response and potential groups respectively. A total of 404 plant species of 223 genera belonging to 75 plant families were examined. Majority of plant species were found in flowering during the month of March (174 spp.) followed by April (159 spp.) and August (158 spp.), similarly, Summer was the leading season (208 spp.) followed by Monsoon (203 spp.), Spring (181 spp.) and Autumn (157 spp.). CCA results depicted that total variations in the flowering phenology response data were 3.45084, and about 45.6% were explained by the explanatory climatic variables. Wind speed, mean monthly maximum temperature and soil moisture were detected as most influential drivers of flowering phenology in the study area. The current study will be useful for researchers as a major source of knowledge for the conservation of valuable species. Such type of attempts will be supportive to explore the phenological response of plants in various habitats such as forest, hilly, riverine, desert and range lands flora in their future projects.
International journal of biometeorology, 2013
Traditional homegardens are an important component of the farming systems in many rural communities and have been highlighted considerably due to their sustainability and role in the conservation of biodiversity. However, the functional aspect of the homegardens, which includes the phenological behavior of the dominant tree species in such agroforestry systems, has been undermined till date, and there is a lack of adequate data on this aspect of the traditional homegardens. As a step in this direction the present study was carried out to determine the phenological behavior of important multipurpose trees in the homegardens of the village of Dargakona, Assam, northeast India. The study revealed the dominance of periodic growth deciduous species from a total of 25 tree species selected for phenological observation. The diversity of multipurpose trees in the homegardens is represented by different plant functional types with different phenological behavior which showed significant changes in their responses to inter-annual climatic variations. The diversity of tree species with different phenological behavior has implications for the temporal partitioning of resources, especially during periods of scarcity, thereby resulting in efficient utilization of resources such as water. Also the diverse phenological behavior plays an important role in regulating the food supply for the herbivore population and the year-round availability of products, and such information can be useful in the selection of species for integration into other agroforestry systems which can be sustainable in the long run.
Study of Phenological Behavior of Plants of Lower Tanawal, Abbottabad, Pakistan
International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH, 2021
The purpose of this research study to explore the phonological behavior of plants of Lower Tanawal, Pakistan. The phenology of the 286 plants species belonging to 86 families from 80 stands of the Lower Tanawal Pakistan were documented during the different season of the year. It was observed that maximum flowering were recorded in March-April whereas maximum fruiting was noted in June-July. Plant phenology provides knowledge about the effects of environment on flowering and fruiting behavior. This is the first research work on phenology of plants of Lower Tanawal because no work was done on the phenology in past.
Flowering and fruiting phenophases of dry deciduous forest of bhadra wildlife sanctuary was examined for 277 individuals of 45 species at community level the timing of the phenophases in relation to seasonal rainfall and temperature. Regression analysis was performed to examine how variations in rainfall and temperature influenced the peaks and troughs of phenology cycles. Flower initiation begins in November and continues till June with peak during April to June. Opening of flower and pollination peak in April and May. Fruiting initiation had two peaks in February to April in the dry season and continued after rainfall in September to October. Maturity in fruit peak in March in dry season and after rainfall directionality of maturity was more with a peak in August and November. Deviations from phenology cycles were largely attributable to short-term fluctuations in rainfall and/or temperature. Overall our study suggests that reproductive phenophases response is an indication of regional environmental changes.
Study of Trees Flowering Period and Its Usage in the Landscape
IOP conference series, 2018
Trees in the landscape has strong character in color which is performed by flower, however flower appear only in certain period. This study aims to determine the flowering period of trees, climate factors that affect period of flowering, and its usage in planting plan. This study was conducted for 12 months from September 2013 to August 2014 using 10 species of flowering trees. Based on the observation, all species showed peak flowering in certain month while 8 species namely Caliandra surinamensis, Callistemon citrinus, Cassia siamea, Cerbera mangas, Jacaranda acutifolia, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Plumeria rubra, and Spathodea campanulata showed flower along the year, and 2 species namely Samanea saman and Tabebuia caraiba showed no flower in certain month. Based on analysis of percentage of flowering showed a significant correlation with climate factors. Rain days significantly affected flowering of J. acutifolia and S. saman, maximum temperature affected flowering of P.rubra, minimum temperature affected flowering of Samanea saman, length of irradiation affected flowering of Cassia siamea, P.rubra and T. Caraiba and relative humidity affected flowering of P.rubra and T. caraiba. Aesthetic value of site can be increased by using more species with different in period of flowering to show flower blooming along the year.
Phenological Study of Some Tree Species of Sri Surya Pahar of Goalpara District, Assam
2012
The composition of tree species, their periodic stratification, life span all these are some important analytical aspects of a plant community. Plant phenological study has great significance because it not only provides knowledge about plant growth pattern but it also provides the idea on the effects of environment and selective pressure on flowering and fruiting behavior. So a study was carried out to analyse the phenological characters of some dominant tree species of famous Sri Surya Pahar of Goalpara district, Assam. From this study it is found that leaf initiation started in the month of February continued upto May with a peak in March-April. Most of the tree species show flowering in the month of March. The peak period of maturation of fruits was May-June.
Periodicity of different phenophases in selected trees from Himalayan Terai of India
The temporal phenology of leaf bud bursting, leaf initiation, leaf maturation, leaf fall, flower initiation, fruit initiation and fruit fall was recorded for eight tree species (Ficus hispida, F. squamosa, Mallotus nudiflorus, M. philippensis, Shorea robusta, Schleichera oleosa, Pongamia pin-nata and Terminalia arjuna) in the tropical moist deciduous forest of Himalayan Terai region from November 2009 to October 2012. The study revealed that a short low temperature dry period, sufficient winter rain and temperature rise are the triggering factors for summer leaf flushing and, the increased soil water availability for second leaf flushing in rains. Initiation of flowering with leaf emergence in the dry period supports higher rate of fruit setting due to maximum availability and activities of pollinators. The dispersal and post dispersal success of fruits increased by their ripening before and/or in the rainy season. In T. arjuna, no correlation has been found between the fruiting and rains. M. nudiflorus and M. philippensis initiate leaves and flowers with the first significant increase in temperature and photoperiod and are thus suggested as the potential tree species for climate change studies in tropics.
STUDIES ON PHENOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT FOREST TREES OF SOUTH GUJARAT, INDIA
Phenology has been defined as the study of the timing of recurring biological events, the causes of their timing with regard to abiotic and biotic forces and the interrelation among phases of the same or different event. The role of phenology in forest ecosystems has been discussed for several decades. Recently, understanding of tree phenology is quantitatively related to environment is even more important because of anticipated global environmental climate change. The present study describes the phenology such as leaf drop, leaf flush, vegetative growth, fruit formation and seed maturation of different tree species of South Gujarat. Random sampling of the site to assess the abundance of individuals was followed by tagging / marking the individuals with five adult individuals (>20 cm girth over bark) was selected. Four major branches (one in each direction) were marked and observations were taken at fifteen days interval. Vegetative growth which started with leaf flushes in March to April was completed by May in 72.4% of the species studied. For most species studied, leaf drop and simultaneous leafing occurred during warm-day period of the year. About 68.0% of species showed multiple leafing. In deciduous trees, flower (17.2%) and fruit formation (3.4%) occurred in March, a month earlier than evergreen trees. Fruit maturation between March and June was again ahead by one month in deciduous species. In all fifteen observations viz., leaf flush initiation, leaf flush completion, leaf fall initiation, leaf fall completion, leaf less condition, initiation of flowering, flowering (full bloom), completion of flowering, time lag between start of vegetative (first leaf flush) and reproductive (first visible flower), initiation of fruiting, time of fruit ripening, completion of fruiting, fruit fall initiation, completion of fruit fall and any pest and diseases incidence were recorded. The overall purpose of such study is to provide base line data for those working on tree improvement, silviculture and to initiate a progressive step to establish co-relation of climate change with phenograms.
The aim of this study was to report the seasonal variation in phenological pattern as a function of rain fall and temperature. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in Nikyal valley located at altitudinal range of 1500-1900 m within the longitude 74o 04 to 10 east and latitude 33o 26 to 29 north during July 2012 to June 2013. Methodology: A phenological record of plant species was organized on the source of field trips and visits conducted every month. The plants were then classified in to different phenological stages. Results: There were 110 plant species of 51 families consisting of 5 trees, 29 shrubs, 55 herbs, 18 grasses and 3 ferns harbouring in Nikyal valley. The investigated area had only one flowering season. Majority of herbaceous, shrubby trees species flowered from April to May and the flowering reached to the peak during May and June. Conclusion: The variation in phenological patterns controlled by the amount and timing of precipitation inputs during the growing season.
The phenology of growth and reproduction in plants
Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and …, 1998
The study of phenological aspects of plants involves the observation, recording and interpretation of the timing of their life history events. This review considers the phenology of leafing, flowering and fruit production in a range of species and communities. The selective forces (both abiotic and biotic) that influence the timing of these events are discussed. Within the limits imposed by phylogenetic constraints, the phenological patterns (timing, frequency, duration, degree of synchrony, etc.) of each phase are probably the result of a compromise between a variety of selective pressures, such as seasonal climatic changes, resource availability, and the presence of pollinators, predators and seed dispersers. Many studies on flowering times stress the role of interactions between plant species which share pollinators or predators. The timing of fruiting plays a key role in controlling the abundance and variety of obligate frugivores in many tropical communities. The importance of long-term recording is stressed, particularly in species which fruit irregularly. An understanding of the phenology of plants is crucial to the understanding of community function and diversity.