Pyrolysis of physic nut ( Jatropha curcas L.) residue under isothermal and dynamic heating processes (original) (raw)
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Product Analysis and Thermodynamic Simulations from the Pyrolysis of Several Biomass Feedstocks
Energy & Fuels, 2007
The pyrolysis of southern pine, red oak, and sweet gum sawdust is reported. Pyrolysis experiments were conducted under either a helium or nitrogen atmosphere at ∼371-871°C, to determine the balance between liquid and gas products. Gas-and liquid-phase pyrolysis products were identified using gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (MS). A total of 109 liquid and 40 gas compounds were identified. A total of 59 chemical compounds (35 liquids and 24 gaseous products) were quantitatively determined. The influence of the gas-phase residence time and biomass feed particle size were studied. The gas residence time determined the extent of secondary reactions. Very short residence times enhanced liquid production versus gas production. Particle sizes (d < 105 µm, 105 µm < d < 149 µm, 149 µm < d < 297 µm, and d > 297 µm) did not have a pronounced effect on either the yield or product distributions, indicating that heat-transfer limitations within the particles were negligible. The pyrolysis of pine, red oak, and sweet gum sawdust yielded similar product distributions. Simulations were conducted using the ASPEN/ SP software package based on Gibbs energy minimization. At high temperatures, dominant species were hydrogen and carbon monoxide, while at lower temperatures, methane, carbon dioxide, and water were the predominant species. Above 871°C, further increases in the temperature did not affect the product distribution. Lower gasification temperatures and higher steam/carbon ratios resulted in higher hydrogen and carbon monoxide production. Mohan, D.; Pittman, C. U.; Steele, P. Pyrolysis of wood/biomasss A critical review. Energy Fuels 2006, 20, 848-889. (2) Tsai, W. T.; Lee, M. K.; Chang, Y. M. Fast pyrolysis of rice straw, sugarcane bagasse and coconut shell in an induction-heating reactor. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 2006, 76, 230-237. (3) Guéhenneux, G.; Baussand, P.; Brothier, M.; Poletiko, C.; Boissonnet, G. Energy production from biomass pyrolysis: A new coefficient of pyrolytic valorization. Fuel 2005, 84, 733-739. (4) Huber, G. W.; Iborra, S.; Corma, A. Synthesis of transportation fuels from biomass: Chemistry, catalysts, and engineering. Chem. ReV. 2006, 106, 4044-4098. (5) Bridgwater, A. V. Renewable fuels and chemicals by thermal processing of biomass. Bridgwater, A. V.; Peacock, G. V. C. Fast pyrolysis process for biomass. Renewable Sustainable Energy ReV. 2000, 4, 1-73. (9) Butt, D. A. E. Formation of phenols from the low-temperature fast pyrolysis of Radiata pine (Pinus radiata). Part 1. Influence of molecular oxygen. J. Anal Appl. Pyrolysis 2006, 76, 38-47. (10) Piskorz, J.; Majerski, P.; Radlein, D.; Scott, D. S.; Bridgwater, A. V. Fast pyrolysis of sweet sorghum and sweet sorghum bagasse. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 1998, 46, 15-29.
A Review of Experimental Scope, Designs and Methods from Intermediate-fast Pyrolysis of Biomass
2019 7th International Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference (IRSEC)
Intermediate and fast pyrolysis (IFP) for the recovery of bio-oil from organic matter have gained the attention of researchers in their attempt to increase the contribution of renewables into the energy mix. Current research has focused on equipment configuration and variables for higher yields of the oils; methods of upgrading the oils for compatibility with existing fuel infrastructure and engines, and various tests to characterize the products or test their applicability as fuels. This paper reviews the progress in experimental work around intermediatefast pyrolysis (hot vapour residence~1-20s; moderate to high liquid yields) in the past twelve years. The review focuses on the experimental scope, equipment used, preparation of raw materials, experimental design and characterization of bio-oils. Experimental work covering actual applications of the oils are not covered in this review paper. The feedstocks mostly researched on in IFP were rice husks, followed by pinewood, Jatropha curcas cake and rapeseed respectively. Most IFP studies have been done on woody biomass (over 100 different feedstocks) due to their consistency, followed by agricultural residues then herbaceous energy crops. Lignocellulosics proved to be the veteran organic feedstocks (~95% of IFP) ahead of nonlignocellulosic biomass (~5%). The most applied technologies in recent years, were fluidized bed followed by the free fall reactors. For the experimental design, most papers reviewed used the simple single parameter method, while a few used the central composite rotatable design and full factorial design methods. The characterization tests mostly conducted on the oils were the pH, viscosity, Karl Fischer titration and calorific value.
Journal of the Energy Institute, 2013
High temperature fast pyrolysis of wood, rice husk and forestry wood residue was carried out in a laboratory scale fixed bed reactor. The results were compared with pyrolysis of the biomass samples in a different reactor under slow pyrolysis conditions. There was a marked difference in product yield depending on heating rate, for example, the gas yield from slow pyrolysis was, 24.7wt.% for wood , 24.06wt.% for rice husks and 24.01wt.% for forestry residue; however, for fast pyrolysis the gas yields were 78.63 wt.%, 66.61wt.% and 73.91wt.% respectively. There were correspondingly significantly lower yields of oil and char from fast pyrolysis whereas for slow pyrolysis oil and char yields were higher. The composition of the product gases was also influenced by the heating rate. In additional experiments the influence of pyrolysis temperature was investigated under fast pyrolysis conditions from 750 to 1050°C. It was found that the increase in temperature increased overall gas yield and also increased hydrogen gas concentration with a decrease in CH 4 , CO 2 and C 2-C 4 hydrocarbons. High gas yields of~90 wt% conversion of the biomass to gas was obtained during the pyrolysis of biomass at 1050°C. Steam was also added to the fast pyrolysis system to enhance the hydrogen production. The amount of hydrogen produced was found to significantly increase in the presence of added steam.
Pyrolysis behavior and kinetics of biomass derived materials
Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis - J ANAL APPL PYROL, 2002
From previous biomass decomposition studies, it is well established that thermolysis generally occurs between 200 and 400°C. For most materials, this temperature range constitutes up to 95% of total degradation; nonetheless, secondary decomposition reactions continue to occur in the solid matrix above 400°C. The extent of these reactions, as indicated by the material loss above 400°C, is small, and in the past has been either ignored or included in the primary degradative step. However, this latter step (reactions above 400°C) exhibits many unique characteristics that differentiate it from the primary pyrolysis step and therefore needs to be treated separately. Additionally, it is widely accepted that primary decomposition of biomass material (<400°C) consists of a degradative process, whereas the secondary thermolysis (>400°C) involves an aromatization process. In this study, It is shown that the latter step can be deconvoluted from the primary decomposition step, particularl...
Pyrolysis of Waste Biomass: Technical and Process Achievements, and Future Development-A Review
Energies, 2023
Pyrolysis has been applied in the human economy for many years, and it has become a significant alternative to the production of chemical compounds, including biofuels. The article focuses mostly on recent achievements in the technical and processing aspects of pyrolysis. The aim of the review is to present the latest research on the process of waste biomass pyrolysis to fuel production. The paper describes the mechanisms of the pyrolysis process, composition, and properties of the obtained fractions, namely pyrolysis gas, bio-oil, and biochar. Additionally, the technical aspects of the pyrolysis process are mentioned, with particular attention to the construction of the reactors. The process of waste biomass pyrolysis allows for obtaining many chemical compounds (second-generation biofuels). Optimization of the pyrolysis process allows obtaining the desired products that are applied in the chemical industry, energy, and transport. The application of pyrolysis gas, oil, and biochar as valuable chemical compounds are related to the intensifying effects of climate change, biofuel production, and waste management in accordance with the principles of sustainable development. In recent years, there has been large-scale research into the use of renewable energy sources through pyrolysis. This will make it possible to significantly reduce the carbon footprint and produce second-generation biofuels in a sustainable manner. Current research into the mechanisms of pyrolysis processes is promising, and will therefore provide access to clean and low-cost compounds that will have broad applications in the energy, chemical, agricultural, and transportation industries.
Thermal enrichment of different types of biomass by low-temperature pyrolysis
Fuel, 2019
An increase of renewable biomass resources in the world fuel and energy balance contributes to reducing the harmful impact of energetics on the environment. Low efficiency of biomass (in its natural form) processing for the energetics purposes by traditional combustion methods leads to the necessity of its preliminary conversion into energy-valuable products. The purpose of this work is an experimental study of low-temperature processing of biomass with varying composition. Physical experiment and differential-thermal analysis were used as the main methods of research. Based on the systematization of the obtained data and other investigations, the dependences of low-temperature pyrolysis products yield for solid organic raw materials on the hydrogen to carbon atomic ratio have been established. With increasing of H/C ratio, the yield of the carbonaceous residue decreases whereas the yield of liquid products and gas increases. It has been established that biomass pyrolysis proceeds with the predominance of exothermic reactions providing a positive heat effect that varies from +262 to +1809 kJ/kg. At the same time, an increase of the H/C ratio in the raw materials results in an increase of the exothermic effect of pyrolysis.
An Experimental Study on Pyrolysis of Biomass
Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2007
In this study, pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse was performed in fixed bed tubular reactor under the conditions of nitrogen atmosphere, by varying temperature and different particle sizes. The effect of final pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 5008C and the nitrogen flow rate from 50 to 200 cc min 21 on the pyrolysis product yields from sugarcane bagasse have been investigated. The Maximum bio-oil yield obtained is 24.12 wt% at the final pyrolysis temperature of 4508C, N 2 flow rate of 50 cc min 21 and particle size of mesh number 28 þ 12. The yield of biooil decreases with increase in temperature from 450 to 5508C and N 2 flow rate from 50 to 200 cc min 21 . The various characteristics of pyrolysis oil obtained under these conditions were identified on the basis of standard test methods. The empirical formula of pyrolysis oil with a heating value of 37.01 MJ Kg 21 was established as CH 1.434 O 0.555 N 0.004 . The results from the pyrolysis show the potential of sugarcane bagasse as an important source of liquid hydrocarbon fuel.
Effect of heating rate on the chemical kinetics of different biomass pyrolysis materials
The present work is attempting to focus on thermal degradation properties and the kinetics of pyrolysis for biomass samples like wheat straw, wheat dust, and corn cob using thermogravimetric analysis in a nitrogen atmosphere at heating rates of 10, 15, and 20 K/min. It appears that as the heating rate is increased, the thermal degradation process is delayed and the main step of mass loss takes place between 250 C and 400 C, with about 75% loss of the initial mass of the sample. The ignition and burnout temperature values of biomass samples are determined at different heating rates. It was found that corn cob has the highest values. Proximate and ultimate analysis of the three biomass fuels was investigated as corn cob has the highest heating and volatile matter values (3971.86 Cal/gm and 84%, respectively). Kinetics parameters such as activation energy, frequency factor, and reaction order are determined using integral and sequential methods.
Pyrolysis behaviors of various biomasses
Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2014
Thermal behavior of different types of biomass, namely forestry e Eucalyptus globulus sawdust, Norway spruce (Picea abies) thermo mechanical pulp; agricultural e energy grass, Brassica rapa, and by-products e pine cones, grape seeds, was evaluated by thermogravimetry and by analytical pyrolysis. The liquid products from pyrolysis were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass selective detector, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The elemental analysis and the calorific values of the pyrolysis residues were investigated. It has been established that the pyrolysis products consisted mainly of carboxylic acids, ketones, furans, phenols, guaiacols, catechols, and their derivatives, resulting from the degradation of the main structural components of biomass. The distribution of compounds in oils was strongly depended on biomass source, differences in the pyrolysis behavior among the biomass samples being found.
Effect of Acid Pretreatment on the Primary Products of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis
Energies, 2023
A high load of inorganics in raw lignocellulosic biomass is known to inhibit the yield of bio-oil and alter the chemical reactions during fast pyrolysis of biomass. In this study, palm kernel shell (PKS), an agricultural residue from palm oil production, and two other woody biomass samples (mahogany (MAH) sawdust and iroko (IRO) sawdust) were pretreated with distilled water or an acidic solution (either acetic, formic, hydrochloric (HCl) or sulfuric acid (H2SO4)) before fast pyrolysis in order to investigate its effect on the primary products and pyrolysis reaction pathways. The raw and pretreated PKS, MAH and IRO were pyrolysed at 600 °C and 5 s with a micro-pyrolyser connected to a gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer/flame ionisation detector (GC-MS/FID). Of the leaching solutions, HCl was the most effective in removing inorganics from the biomass and enhancing the primary pyrolysis product formed compared to the organic acids (acetic and formic acid). The production of levoglucosan was greatly improved for all pretreated biomasses when compared to the original biomass but especially after HCl pretreatment. Additionally, the relative content of the saccharides was maximised after pretreatment with H2SO4, which was due to the increased production of levoglucosenone. The relative content of the saccharides increased by over 70%. This increase may have occurred due to a possible reaction catalysed by the remaining acid in the biomass. The production of furans, especially furfural, was increased for all pretreatments but most noticeable when H2SO4 was used. However, the relative content of acids and ketones was generally reduced for PKS, MAH and IRO across all leaching solutions. The relative content of the phenol-type compound decreased to a large extent during pyrolysis after acid pretreatment, which may be attributed to dehydration and demethoxylation reactions. This study shows that the production of valuable chemicals could be promoted by pretreatment with different acid solutions.