Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from the Pyrolysis of Physic Nut (Jatropha curcas L.) Waste (original) (raw)
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Investigation of Pyrolyzed Chars from Physic Nut Waste for the Preparation of Activated Carbon
Journal of Solid Mechanics and Materials Engineering, 2007
Fixed bed pyrolysis of physic nut waste was conducted to investigate the influence of different operating conditions, such as sample size, final temperature and hold time, on properties of the pyrolyzed chars. The obtained chars were characterized by a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) for proximate analyses and by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) for determination of their accelerated surface area. The surface morphology of char was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For chemical characterization, an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and a Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR) were used to identify inorganic components and surface organic functional groups of the char. In this work, the FTIR analysis indicated the existence of phosphonate groups, carboxyl groups and amine groups on char surface. The XRD pattern of the surface also verified the presence of graphite as main carbon structure. The conditions yielding char with maximum BET surface area of 249.60 m 2 •g-1 and high fixed carbon are final temperature of 800°C, hold time of 15 minutes, and heating rate of 20°C/min for 0.425-0.5 mm particle. Generally, high temperature pyrolysis of raw materials with short hold time results in char with favorable smooth, porous surface with large cavities.
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2004
Preparation of effective adsorbents from pistachio-nut shells was carried out. Optimization of the vacuum pyrolysis parameters prior to activation was carried out to study the effects of vacuum pyrolysis temperature, hold time, and heating rate on the properties of chars and activated carbons, while CO 2 activation conditions were fixed at a temperature of 900 • C, an activation time of 30 min, a heating rate of 10 • C/min, a CO 2 flow rate of 100 cm 3 /min, and a nitrogen flow rate of 150 cm 3 /min. The optimum vacuum pyrolysis conditions for preparing activated carbons with high surface area and pore volume were identified. The microstructure and microcrystallinity of the activated carbons prepared were examined by scanning electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction techniques respectively while the Fourier transform infrared spectra determined any changes in the surface functional groups produced during different preparation stages. Experimental results show that it is feasible to prepare activated carbons with high BET surface area from pistachio-nut shells. 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Highly active carbons on base of biomass waste - nut shells
19th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings, 2020
The research is devoted to obtaining of highly porous activated carbons from apricot stones and pistachio, hazelnut, walnut shells from various regions using thermocatalytic activation with sodium hydroxide. Influence of the raw material properties and origin, as well as the precursor to activator ratio on a porous structure was studied. It was found that at activation temperature 700 ºC and NaOH to carbonizate ration 2:1 and 3:1 a highly developed porous structure is being formed, which can be controlled altering meso-and micropores volumes. It is demonstrated that the highest porosity was achieved in the case of walnut shells and apricot stones, and the obtained materials can be used for sorption and as electrodes in supercapacitors, fuel cells and Li-ion batteries
The potential of activated carbon derived from bio-char waste of bio-oil pyrolysis as adsorbent
MATEC Web of Conferences 154, 01029 , 2018
Activated carbon from bio-char waste of bio oil pyrolysis of mixed sugarcane bagasse and Rambutan twigs was investigated. Bio-char as by-product of bio-oil pyrolysis has potential to be good adsorbed by activating process. Bio-chars waste was activated in fixed bed reactor inside furnace without presenting oxygen. Gas N2 and CO2 were employed to drive out oxygen from the reactor and as activator, respectively. One of the best activation treatments is achieved by performing activation in different temperature and time to produce standard activated carbon. The experiment was performed at different temperatures and activation time, i.e. 800, 850, and 900 C and 80 and 120 minutes, respectively, to determine the optimal operating condition. Activated carbon was characterized by analysis of moisture content, ash content pH, and methylene blue test. The results showed that optimum activation was at 850C and 80 minute, where activated carbon produced indicated the best adsorption capacity. The ash content and pH had significant role in resulting good activated carbon.
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 2019
Cashew nutshell (CNS)-based biochar is obtained as a by-product in a pilot scale (20 kg/h) gas-fired auger pyrolysis reactor at 500°C during bio oil production. This pyrolytic biochar has low BET surface area (BET SA 0.80 m 2 /g) and poor porosity as the fast pyrolysis conditions are set to augment the bio oil yield over other products. To value add to this carbon, downstream activation is performed in an externally heated lab scale reactor. Formation of activated carbon with BET SA between 300 and 700 m 2 /g with moderate improvement in porosity ensued from CO 2 and steam activation, while chemical activation with K 2 CO 3 enhanced the BET SA to 1225 m 2 /g and Langmuir surface area to 1707 m 2 /g in addition to significant enhancement of porosity. CNS-based activated carbons predominantly possess narrow pore size distribution with small-sized micropores and ultra-micropores limiting the presence of mesopores. The effect of equilibrium time (10 s and 45 s) on N 2 adsorption is extensively studied, and it is found to have a significant role in detection of ultra-micropores below 0.8 nm (at very low pressures). The CO 2 absorptivity of K 2 CO 3activated CNS carbon is found to be between 4.16 and 6.22 mmol/g (i.e. 183.04-273.6 mg/g) at atmospheric pressure and 0°C. These activated CNS carbons possess ultra-micropores between 0.46 and 0.8 nm suitable for CO 2 uptake. This study shows the sustainable path of making CO 2 adsorbent from a low-cost renewable biomass precursor like CNS. Keywords Cashew nutshell. Pyrolytic biochar. Activated carbon. K 2 CO 3 activation. CO 2 adsorption. DR plot
Asian Journal of Chemistry, 2015
Rice husk (RH) is an agricultural residue abundantly available in rice-producing countries. The annual worldwide output has been estimated to be 80 million tons, of which approximately half is generated in China 1. However, there is only a little research concerning its utilization. If this agricultural residue is not utilized properly, tremendous waste will be produced, causing energy loss and environmental pollution. At the same time, because of the distinct advantages of large specific surface areas and hydrophobic nature, large pore volume and broad pore size distribution, carbonaceous materials, e.g., activated carbon, have been widely employed as adsorbents to remove pollutants 2,3. An economic approach is the utilization of agricultural waste biomass (e.g., rice husk, corncob, straw and cotton stalks) as precursors for the preparation of activated carbon. Slow pyrolysis of biomass at high temperature is widely used to produce low-cost activated carbon 4. Physical and chemical activation are the two fundamentally employed methods for the preparation of activated carbons. Physical activation involves reaction at high temperatures in steam or carbon dioxide 5,6. In chemical activation, raw material is mixed with an activator, presenting several advantages, including lower reaction temperature and better pore structure 7. The dried rice husk was carbonized at 350 to 500 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere and the carbonized product was heated in the presence of a substantial weight of potassium hydroxide or sodium
Active carbons from almond shells as adsorbents in gas and liquid phases
Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 2007
Almond shells have been used as raw material to prepare activated carbons. The preparation conditions, by direct activation of the raw material with COz or air, or by activation after carbonisation under nitrogen, have been compared in respect to the percentage burn-off and the adsorptive properties of the resulting carbons. It is shown that direct activation with COZ in the temperature range 1023-1 173 K (750-900°C) gives activated carbons with similar or larger surface areas than those obtained by the conventional method (carbonisation followed by activation). On the other hand, the results show the role played by the particle size of the carbonised products on the adsorptive properties of the activated carbons prepared from them. Activation with air (in the temperature range from 573 to 673 K) does not produce carbons with large surface areas, but the yield is large and this could be of practical interest. The adsorption of methylene blue and phenol, both in aqueous solution, has allowed further comparison of the adsorptive properties of the activated carbons. In all, the direct activation with COz seems to be a very good way to prepare activated carbons from almond shells; they can be favourably compared with commercial activated carbons, two of which have been used in this study.
The Synthesis Of Activated Carbon From Coconut Shell For An Adsorbent Using Iron Chloride
2017
Coconut shell obtained from Chorbe in Jos, Plateau state, Nigeria was carbonized and char formed at a temperature of 655ºC. The char was ground and sieved into different sizes of 7, 14, 25 and-25mm. These sizes were activated using iron chloride solution and then treated with hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide and ammonia solution and dried in a furnace to a temperature of 750ºC to increase the pores in each of the sizes. The bulk densities of 7, 14, 25 and-25mm particle sizes were calculated and found to be 0.399, 0.587, 0.619 and 0.383g/cm 3 in that order. While the corresponding values for the pore volume and porosity were obtained to be 248.
Pore structure of activated carbon prepared from hazelnut bagasse by chemical activation
Surface and Interface Analysis, 2008
In this study, hazelnut extracted-bagasse which is a waste from oil factory was used for the production of activated carbon by chemical activation using ZnCl 2 and KOH as activating agents. Hazelnut bagasse has been impregnated with aqueous solutions of ZnCl 2 and KOH in the ratio of 1-3 g agent per g precursor. The carbonization treatment was performed at 500, 600 and 700 • C for 2 h under nitrogen flow. The surface area, pore volumes, pore size distribution and average pore diameter of the activated carbons were characterized by N 2 adsorption at 77 K using the BET, t-plot and DFT methods. The highest surface areas of activated carbons are 1642 and 1489 m 2 /g and total pore volumes are 0.964 and 0.9329 cm 3 g −1 for KOH and ZnCl 2 , respectively. The surface chemical characteristics of activated carbon were determined in terms of surface functional groups. These groups were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic method and Boehm's titration method. Surface morphology was investigated by SEM. According to the results, activated carbons prepared from hazelnut bagasse by chemical activation have high surface area and porosity.