Biodiesel Synthesis from the Used Cooking Oil Using CaO Catalyst Derived from Waste Animal Bones (original) (raw)
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In this work, physiochemical properties of the waste used oil (WUO) were carried out for its aptness for biodiesel production. Calcined Animal Bone was used as a bio-base catalyst for the biodiesel production. The produced biodiesel was characterized and the optimum biodiesel produced was determined via statistical analysis using regression analysis. This was with a view to adding value to the waste used oil (WUO) and finding environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuel. Waste used oil (WUO) was preheated and purified to clean oil via filtration, and the physiochemical and other parameters (cetane number, API, aniline point among others) the cleaned oil were determined using standard methods. The Calcined animal bone was characterized using FTIR, SEM, XRF, BET adsorption, and qualitative analysis. Biodiesel production was done via base catalyst trans-esterification while statistical analysis was done using Microsoft Excel 8.0. In order to ascertain the quality of the biodiesel, the physicochemical properties were determined and the qualities were compared with ASTM D6751 and EN 14214. Results showed that the refined WUO properties were in line with property of oil require for biodiesel production. The physicochemical characteristics of the WUO showed physical state of the oil to be liquid/dark brownish at 28 oc , viscosity 6.58 cP at 28 0 C, acid value, 0.96 (mg KOH/g oil), FFA (% oleic acid), 0.48, iodine value, 152.00 (g I2/100 g oil), peroxide value, 5.1 milli-equivalent of peroxide/kg of oil among others. The derived catalyst showed high basic strength with Calcium oxide (87.63 wt.%) 0s the dominant element in the catalyst. Optimum biodiesel yield was obtained at run 5 with 98.52 (%wt./wt.) at reaction time of 30 min, catalyst amount of 2.0 (%wt.), reaction temperature of 100 0 C, and ethanol-oil molar ratio of 4:1. The produced biodiesel properties conformed to the recommended standard ASTM D6751 and EN 14214. The study concluded that WUO could serve as feedstock for biodiesel production that is environmentally friendly and the derived catalyst could be used as a bio-base in catalytic industries.
Makara Journal of Technology, 2016
Thermal decomposition of fish bones to obtain calcium oxide (CaO) was conducted at various temperatures of 400, 500, 800, 900, 1000, and 1100 °C. The calcium oxide was then characterized using X-ray diffractometer, FTIR spectrophotometer, and SEM analysis. The calcium oxide obtained from the decomposition at 1000 °C was then used as a catalyst in the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. Diffraction pattern of the calcium oxide produced from decomposition at 1000 °C showed a pattern similar to that of the calcium oxide produced by the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standard (JCDPS). The diffractions of 2θ values at 1000 °C were 32.2, 37.3, 53.8, 64.1, and 67.3 deg. The FTIR spectrum of calcium oxide decomposed at 1000 °C has a specific vibration at wavelength 362 cm-1 , which is similar to the specific vibration of Ca-O. SEM analysis of the calcium oxide indicated that the calcium oxide's morphology shows a smaller size and a more homogeneous structure, compared to those of fish bones. The use of calcium oxide as a catalyst in the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil resulted in iod number of 15.23 g/100 g KOH, density of 0.88 g/cm 3 , viscosity of 6.00 cSt, and fatty acid value of 0.56 mg/KOH. These characteristic values meet the National Standard of Indonesia (SNI) for biodiesel.
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People today are increasingly health conscious and therefore shopkeepers tend to dispose of fatty chicken and pork skin. Chicken and pork skins thus are sources of solid waste that are usually not utilized. This paper deals with the production of useful biodiesel from utilizing the waste chicken and pork skins. Fat from the waste chicken and pork skins (sourced from local shops), was first extracted and subjected to transesterification. The products of transesterification were FAME (Fatty acid methyl esters) and glycerol. The FAME produced was tested for five parameters namely calorific value, pour point and cloud point when compared to ASTM E2515-11 standard values. Comparison of the obtained values of the five parameters with the standard values for diesel was performed to determine the viability of the biodiesel produced. The results of this experiment showed that the calorific values of FAME produced from chicken skin and pork skin fat were close to that of petroleum derived die...
Biodiesel Production From Waste Cooking Oil using Homogeneous Catalyst
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Due to the upsurge of awareness of the depletion of fossil fuel feedstock and environmental issues, biodiesel has become a more attractive choice. Biodiesel's productivity is deemed a fruitful and significant research field since its relevance obtains from the increased oil prices and environmental benefits. This paper presents a study of Alfa waste cooking oil used to produce biodiesel oil via the transesterification process. The investigation includes various variables such as transesterification time, catalyst ratio, temperature, and biodiesel yield. Two catalysts (NaOH and KOH) have been utilized in this study. The engine test was carried out at constant load with increasing speed to compare different fuels' performance relative to mineral diesel. The produced biodiesel was categorized according to ASTM D6751. The highest conversion and yield of biodiesel in the transesterification method were scrutinized using the KOH catalyst compared to the NaOH catalyst. The maximum conversion and yield of biodiesel are 97.76 and 94.4%, respectively, with optimum operating conditions of 60 o C reaction temperature, 3 hours reaction time, and KOH catalyst at 4% weight. Consequently, the engine test outcomes revealed similar biodiesels trends compared to diesel in terms of engine brake power and brake specific fuel consumption with increasing engine speed.
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The waste food material namely fish bone is screened for biodiesel synthesis by transesterification reaction to achieve the highest biodiesel yield. The fish bone was chemically treated with Al(NO3)3.9H2O to enhance the biodiesel yield. The solid oxide materials were calcined at 900 °C for 2 - 4 h to convert CaCO3 to CaO species. Transesterification was carried out at 65 °C for 4 h with 12 : 1 methanol to oil ratio. The experiment was designed by central composite design with 23 factorial and three centre points to determine the optimum CaO (calcined fish bone) loading, calcination time for catalyst and amount of chemically treated fish bone, wt%. Thehighest yield of 94.30 wt% was achieved at optimal conditions of calcination time (6.11 h), catalyst loading wt% of (4.02 wt%) and CaO (calcined fish bone) loading of (34.49 %).
The influence of catalyst on the characteristics of biodiesel from waste cooking oil
JTTM : Jurnal Terapan Teknik Mesin
The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of catalyst on the flash point, viscosity, density, and iodine value of biodiesel. The raw material used in biodiesel production was waste cooking oil. The transesterification process was employed by reacting the catalyst and methanol, followed by mixing them with the waste cooking oil simultaneously. The catalyst concentration variations used in this study were 0.25% and 0.5%. The resulting transesterification mixture was left to settle for approximately 10 minutes. The biodiesel and glycerol were separated after settling, and the biodiesel was washed with distilled water at a temperature of 50°C and then evaporated at 100°C. The flash point test results for catalyst concentrations of 0.25% and 0.5% were 58°C and 48.5°C, respectively. The viscosity test results for catalyst concentrations of 0.25% and 0.5% were 4.567 x 10-6 m2/s and 4.625 x 10-6 m2/s, respectively. The density test results for catalyst concentrations of 0.25...
Biodiesel production from waste cooking oils
Fuel, 2008
Alkali-catalyzed transesterification of waste cooking oils, collected within Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, with methanol was carried out in a laboratory scale reactor. The effects of methanol/waste cooking oils ratio, potassium hydroxide concentration and temperature on the biodiesel conversion were investigated. Biodiesel yield of 88-90% was obtained at the methanol/oil ratios of 7:1-8:1, temperatures of 30-50°C and 0.75 wt% KOH. Biodiesel and its blends with diesel were characterized for their physical properties referring to a substitute for diesel fuel. The results showed that the biodiesel experienced a higher but much narrower boiling range than conventional diesel. Carbon residue content was up to 4 wt%. Blends with a percentage of the biodiesel below 30 vol% had their physical properties within EN14214 standard, which indicated that these could be used in engines without a major modification.
Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil
With the increase in crude oil prices the need for development of economically attractive alternate fuels has increased. Biodiesel from waste cooking oil is one such alternative. The project involves setting up of a laboratory scale production unit for biodiesel conversion from waste cooking oil, collected from different sources. Methanol, with sodium hydroxide as a catalyst, reacts with the waste oil in the transesterification process producing Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) with glycerine as a by-product. Properties of the FAME sample including density, viscosity, flash point, pour point, sulphur content, cetane index and calorific value are tested according to ASTM standards and compared with those of standard diesel, establishing the FAME sample as biodiesel. The project also included blending of biodiesel with standard diesel and their properties were tested and compared. The production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil offers economic and environmental solutions along with waste management. The project, thus, aims at utilizing leftover cooking oil, for a possible conversion of biodiesel.