A taxonomic study of the Penicillium chrysogenum series (original) (raw)
Related papers
African Journal of Microbiology Research, 2011
Ninety six samples of water collected from Dal Lake, Kashmir at eight different sites for a period of one year from April 2010 to March 2011 were tested for the presence of Penicillium species. Five different species of the said genus were isolated from the samples by serial dilution technique. Out of total 122 fungal colonies isolated, five species of Penicillium viz, Penicillium olivicolor, Penicillium commune, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium funiculosum and Penicillium dimorphosporum were obtained. Among the isolated species P. funiculosum was the most abundant (28.7%) followed by P. chrysogenum (27.04%), P. dimorphosporum (23.77%), P. olivicolor (16.40%) and P. commune (4.09%). Maximum percentage of fungal colonies (27.7%) was observed at site PKB followed by TBN (21.13%), DLG and GB (13.15%) each, NL (8.45%), BHN (7.04%), HB (5.63%) and BD (3.76%).
Identification and nomenclature of the genus Penicillium
Studies in Mycology, 2014
Penicillium is a diverse genus occurring worldwide and its species play important roles as decomposers of organic materials and cause destructive rots in the food industry where they produce a wide range of mycotoxins. Other species are considered enzyme factories or are common indoor air allergens. Although DNA sequences are essential for robust identification of Penicillium species, there is currently no comprehensive, verified reference database for the genus. To coincide with the move to one fungus one name in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants, the generic concept of Penicillium was re-defined to accommodate species from other genera, such as Chromocleista, Eladia, Eupenicillium, Torulomyces and Thysanophora, which together comprise a large monophyletic clade. As a result of this, and the many new species described in recent years, it was necessary to update the list of accepted species in Penicillium. The genus currently contains 354 accepted species, including new combinations for Aspergillus crystallinus, A. malodoratus and A. paradoxus, which belong to Penicillium section Paradoxa. To add to the taxonomic value of the list, we also provide information on each accepted species MycoBank number, living ex-type strains and provide GenBank accession numbers to ITS, β-tubulin, calmodulin and RPB2 sequences, thereby supplying a verified set of sequences for each species of the genus. In addition to the nomenclatural list, we recommend a standard working method for species descriptions and identifications to be adopted by laboratories working on this genus.
Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 1990
This first study by the Subcommission on Penicillium and Aspergillus Systematics is concerned with the status of the closely related species Penicillium glabrum, P. spinulosum, P. purpurescens, and P. montanense. Thirty five isolates tentatively identified as these species were studied as unknowns by the eight members of the Subcommission. Characters studied included traditional morphology and gross physiology plus secondary metabolite profiles, isoenzyme patterns and DNA restriction enzyme fragment length polymorphism. The various approaches provided consistent identifications for most isolates, indicating that the four species could be separated satisfactorily and should be maintained. Statistical models based on morphological and gross physiological data indicated that five characters were of value in distinguishing the species. These were conidial wall texture, colony diameters on Czapek yeast extract agar and 25% glycerol nitrate agar, phialide width and vesicle diameter. Practical aspects of differentiating these species are also discussed.
Three new species of penicillium
Mycopathologia, 1978
Three new species of microfungi belonging to the genus Penicillium Link ex Fries are described and illustrated. All but one have been isolated from the atmosphere of las Palmas, capital city of the island of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain). They clearly differ from all species of the genus described so far and are, therefore, described and proposed as new species: Penicillium hispanieum sp. nov., Penicillium grancanariae sp. nov., and Penicillium palmensis sp. nov.
Identification and nomenclature of the genus Penicillium. VISAGE.pdf
Penicillium is a diverse genus occurring worldwide and its species play important roles as decomposers of organic materials and cause destructive rots in the food industry where they produce a wide range of mycotoxins. Other species are considered enzyme factories or are common indoor air allergens. Although DNA sequences are essential for robust identification of Penicillium species, there is currently no comprehensive, verified reference database for the genus. To coincide with the move to one fungus one name in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants, the generic concept of Penicillium was re-defined to accommodate species from other genera, such as Chromocleista, Eladia, Eupenicillium, Torulomyces and Thysanophora, which together comprise a large monophyletic clade. As a result of this, and the many new species described in recent years, it was necessary to update the list of accepted species in Penicillium. The genus currently contains 354 accepted species, including new combinations for Aspergillus crystallinus, A. malodoratus and A. paradoxus, which belong to Penicillium section Paradoxa. To add to the taxonomic value of the list, we also provide information on each accepted species MycoBank number, living ex-type strains and provide GenBank accession numbers to ITS, β-tubulin, calmodulin and RPB2 sequences, thereby supplying a verified set of sequences for each species of the genus. In addition to the nomenclatural list, we recommend a standard working method for species descriptions and identifications to be adopted by laboratories working on this genus.
Fungal Diversity, 2011
A mycological survey of fungi, present in several stages of the manufacturing of cork discs for champagne stoppers in Portugal, was made. Sixty-nine strains belonging to the Glabra series of the genus Penicillium were isolated and subsequently grouped according to their partial β-tubulin gene sequences. Six groups with different partial β-tubulin gene sequences were observed, and a selection of isolates of each group was made. These selected isolates and various related ex-type strains were subjected to a taxonomical study using a polyphasic approach. This approach included analysis of macro-and microscopic features, the comparison of extrolite profiles and sequenc-ing a part of the β-tubulin and calmodulin gene. The six βtubulin types were reduced to three different species. One group of isolates was centred on the ex-type strain of P. glabrum, a second group accommodated the type strain of P. spinulosum and a third group contained isolates which were unique in their β-tubulin and calmodulin sequences, extrolite profiles and growth characteristics. This group of isolates is described as the new species Penicillium subericola. The type strain of P. subericola CBS 125096 T was isolated from Portuguese raw cork, but additional isolates were found from soil, air and lumen.
Monograph on the genus Penicillium
Penicillium is a well known cosmopolitan genus of moulds that comprises more than 350 species playing various roles in natural ecosystems, agriculture and biotechnology. They have double faces, a good and beneficial one and a bad and economically destructive one. Examples of the beneficial roles are: Penicillium chrysogenum produces the antibacterial antibiotic penicillin, Penicillium griseofulvum produces the antifungal antibiotic griseofulvin, several Penicillium species produce anti-cancer substances such as Penicillium albocoremium (Andrastin A), P. decumbens (Bredenin). Penicillium roqueforti is used for the production of Roquefort cheese and Penicillium camemberti is used for the production of Camembert cheese. Several Penicillium species produce enzymes that are used in industry, e.g. cellulases and xylanases produced by Penicillium species have broad applications in food and feed, the textile industry, and the pulp and paper industries. Penicillium species are also used for biodegradation of oil and can be used in restoring the ecosystem when contaminated by oil. Peroxidase enzyme of Penicillium species have potential biodegradable activities that degrade Amaranth dye, Orange G, heterocyclic dyes like, Azure B and Lip dye. Morepver, some species function as decomposers of dead materials and can be used in recycling of waste products. Recently, Penicillium species, such as P. aurantiogriseum, P. citrinum, and P. waksmanii, are used for the eco-friendly biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles from a solution of AuCl. Gold nanoparticles are formed fairly uniform with spherical shape with the Z-average diameter of 153.3 nm, 172 nm and 160.1 nm for the 3 species, respectively. On the other hand, some species are known to cause postharvest diseases, e.g. Penicillium expansum is one of the most prevalent post-harvest rots that infects apples. Although it is a major economic problem in apples, this plant pathogen can be isolated from a wide host range, including pears, strawberries, tomatoes, corn, and rice. This mould also produces the carcinogenic metabolite patulin, a neurotoxin that is harmful in apple juice and apple products. patulin in food products is a health concern because many are consumed by young children. In addition, a second secondary metabolite citrinin is produced as well. Mould growth on citrus fruits during storage is a continuing problem that results in economic loss. Although several fungal species have been reported to be involved in the spoilage of citrus products, Penicillium digitatum (green mold) and Penicillium italicum (blue mold) are the primary organisms involved. Penicillium is one of the first fungi to grow on water-damaged materials and has been implicated in causing allergic reactions, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and a variety of severe lung complications. It may cause sarcoidosis, fibrosis, or allergic alveolitis in susceptible individuals, or patients who have been exposed over long periods of time, depending on the strain. P. oxalicum has also been reported to cause genital infection of water buffalo.
Journal of Environmental Biology, 2021
Aim: Morpho-molecular analyses for taxonomic characterization of nine predominant Penicillium species present in the soil of different parts of India. Methodology: Fifteen Penicillium isolates were isolated from the soil samples collected from the experimental field of ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi. Another twenty-six isolates were procured from Indian Type Culture Collection (ITCC), Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi which were isolated from the soil of different parts of India. Total 41 isolates were characterized following distinct macroscopic (colony texture, colony colour exudate production; soluble pigmentation; reverse coloration and mycelial growth) and microscopic observations (type of penicillus; shape of phialides; conidial shape, size and pigmentation). Molecular characterization was done using partial β-tubulin gene sequence which is considered an excellent marker in differentiating Penicillium species. Results: The morphol...
Taxonomy of Penicillium citrinum and related species
Fungal Diversity, 2010
Penicillium citrinum and related species have been examined using a combination of partial β-tubulin, calmodulin and ITS sequence data, extrolite patterns and phenotypic characters. It is concluded that seven species belong to the series Citrina. Penicillium sizovae and Penicillium steckii are related to P. citrinum, P. gorlenkoanum is revived, Penicillium hetheringtonii sp. nov. and Penicillium tropicoides sp. nov. are described here as new species, and the combination Penicillium tropicum is proposed. Penicillium hetheringtonii is closely related to P. citrinum and differs in having slightly broader stipes, metulae in verticils of four or more and the production of an uncharacterized metabolite, tentatively named PR1-x. Penicillium tropicoides resembles P. tropicum, but differs in the slow maturation of the cleistothecia, slower growth at 30°C and the production of isochromantoxins. The type strain of P. hetheringtonii is CBS 122392 T (=IBT 29057 T ) and the type strain of P. tropicoides is CBS 122410 T (=IBT 29043 T ). 1 P.citrinum CBS 252.55 P.citrinum CBS 122452 P.citrinum CBS 122726 P.citrinum CBS 122396 P.citrinum CBS 122396 P.citrinum CBS 122396 P.citrinum CBS 122419 P.citrinum CBS 122451 P.citrinum CBS 122398 P.citrinum CBS 865.97 P.citrinum CBS 139.45 T P.citrinum CBS 101275 P.citrinum CBS 122395 P.citrinum CBS 122394 P.citrinum CBS 122397 P.citrinum CBS 115992 P.citrinum CBS 241.85 P.citrinum CBS 117.64 P.hetheringtonii CBS 122392 T P.hetheringtonii CBS 124287 P.hetheringtonii DTO 30H7 P. tropicum CBS 112584 T P. tropicoides CBS 122410 T P. tropicoides CBS 122436 P.sizovae CBS 115968 P.sizovae CBS 122387 P.sizovae CBS 413.69 NT P.sizovae CBS 139.65 P.sizovae CBS 117184 P.steckii NRRL 35625 EF200085 P.steckii CBS 789.70 P.steckii CBS 325.59, T of P.corylophiloides P.steckii CBS 122391 P.steckii DTO 49G1 P.steckii CBS 122390 P.steckii CBS 260.55 T P.steckii CBS 122389 P.steckii CBS 122388 P.sumatrense CBS 281.36 T P.sumatrense CBS 416.69 P.gorlenkoanum CBS 411.69 P.gorlenkoanum CBS 408.69 T P.manginii CBS 253.31 T P.decaturense CBS 117509 T P.chrzaszcii CBS 217.28 T P.waksmanii CBS 230.28 T P.westlingii CBS 231.28 T P.miczynskii CBS 220.28 T P.paxilli CBS 360.48 T P.anatolicum CBS 478.66 T P.roseopurpureum CBS 266.29 T P.shearii CBS 290.48 T P.corylophilum CBS 330.79 81 100 73 98 82 93 99