A taxonomic study of the Penicillium chrysogenum series (original) (raw)
Fungal Diversity, 2011
A mycological survey of fungi, present in several stages of the manufacturing of cork discs for champagne stoppers in Portugal, was made. Sixty-nine strains belonging to the Glabra series of the genus Penicillium were isolated and subsequently grouped according to their partial β-tubulin gene sequences. Six groups with different partial β-tubulin gene sequences were observed, and a selection of isolates of each group was made. These selected isolates and various related ex-type strains were subjected to a taxonomical study using a polyphasic approach. This approach included analysis of macro-and microscopic features, the comparison of extrolite profiles and sequenc-ing a part of the β-tubulin and calmodulin gene. The six βtubulin types were reduced to three different species. One group of isolates was centred on the ex-type strain of P. glabrum, a second group accommodated the type strain of P. spinulosum and a third group contained isolates which were unique in their β-tubulin and calmodulin sequences, extrolite profiles and growth characteristics. This group of isolates is described as the new species Penicillium subericola. The type strain of P. subericola CBS 125096 T was isolated from Portuguese raw cork, but additional isolates were found from soil, air and lumen.
Monograph on the genus Penicillium
Penicillium is a well known cosmopolitan genus of moulds that comprises more than 350 species playing various roles in natural ecosystems, agriculture and biotechnology. They have double faces, a good and beneficial one and a bad and economically destructive one. Examples of the beneficial roles are: Penicillium chrysogenum produces the antibacterial antibiotic penicillin, Penicillium griseofulvum produces the antifungal antibiotic griseofulvin, several Penicillium species produce anti-cancer substances such as Penicillium albocoremium (Andrastin A), P. decumbens (Bredenin). Penicillium roqueforti is used for the production of Roquefort cheese and Penicillium camemberti is used for the production of Camembert cheese. Several Penicillium species produce enzymes that are used in industry, e.g. cellulases and xylanases produced by Penicillium species have broad applications in food and feed, the textile industry, and the pulp and paper industries. Penicillium species are also used for biodegradation of oil and can be used in restoring the ecosystem when contaminated by oil. Peroxidase enzyme of Penicillium species have potential biodegradable activities that degrade Amaranth dye, Orange G, heterocyclic dyes like, Azure B and Lip dye. Morepver, some species function as decomposers of dead materials and can be used in recycling of waste products. Recently, Penicillium species, such as P. aurantiogriseum, P. citrinum, and P. waksmanii, are used for the eco-friendly biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles from a solution of AuCl. Gold nanoparticles are formed fairly uniform with spherical shape with the Z-average diameter of 153.3 nm, 172 nm and 160.1 nm for the 3 species, respectively. On the other hand, some species are known to cause postharvest diseases, e.g. Penicillium expansum is one of the most prevalent post-harvest rots that infects apples. Although it is a major economic problem in apples, this plant pathogen can be isolated from a wide host range, including pears, strawberries, tomatoes, corn, and rice. This mould also produces the carcinogenic metabolite patulin, a neurotoxin that is harmful in apple juice and apple products. patulin in food products is a health concern because many are consumed by young children. In addition, a second secondary metabolite citrinin is produced as well. Mould growth on citrus fruits during storage is a continuing problem that results in economic loss. Although several fungal species have been reported to be involved in the spoilage of citrus products, Penicillium digitatum (green mold) and Penicillium italicum (blue mold) are the primary organisms involved. Penicillium is one of the first fungi to grow on water-damaged materials and has been implicated in causing allergic reactions, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and a variety of severe lung complications. It may cause sarcoidosis, fibrosis, or allergic alveolitis in susceptible individuals, or patients who have been exposed over long periods of time, depending on the strain. P. oxalicum has also been reported to cause genital infection of water buffalo.
Journal of Environmental Biology, 2021
Aim: Morpho-molecular analyses for taxonomic characterization of nine predominant Penicillium species present in the soil of different parts of India. Methodology: Fifteen Penicillium isolates were isolated from the soil samples collected from the experimental field of ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi. Another twenty-six isolates were procured from Indian Type Culture Collection (ITCC), Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi which were isolated from the soil of different parts of India. Total 41 isolates were characterized following distinct macroscopic (colony texture, colony colour exudate production; soluble pigmentation; reverse coloration and mycelial growth) and microscopic observations (type of penicillus; shape of phialides; conidial shape, size and pigmentation). Molecular characterization was done using partial β-tubulin gene sequence which is considered an excellent marker in differentiating Penicillium species. Results: The morphol...
Penicillium simile sp. nov. revealed by morphological and phylogenetic analysis
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY, 2012
The morphology of three phenetically identical Penicillium isolates, collected from the bioaerosol in a restoration laboratory in Italy, displayed macro-and microscopic characteristics that were similar though not completely ascribable to Penicillium raistrickii. For this reason, a phylogenetic approach based on DNA sequencing analysis was performed to establish both the taxonomic status and the evolutionary relationships of these three peculiar isolates in relation to previously described species of the genus Penicillium. We used four nuclear loci (both rRNA and protein coding genes) that have previously proved useful for the molecular investigation of taxa belonging to the genus Penicillium at various evolutionary levels. The internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2), domains D1 and D2 of the 28S rDNA, a region of the tubulin beta chain gene (benA) and part of the calmodulin gene (cmd) were amplified by PCR and sequenced. Analysis of the rRNA genes and of the benA and cmd sequence data indicates the presence of three isogenic isolates belonging to a genetically distinct species of the genus Penicillium, here described and named Penicillium simile sp. nov. (ATCC MYA-4591 T 5CBS 129191 T ). This novel species is phylogenetically different from P. raistrickii and other related species of the genus Penicillium (e.g. Penicillium scabrosum), from which it can be distinguished on the basis of morphological trait analysis.
Taxonomy of Penicillium citrinum and related species
Fungal Diversity, 2010
Penicillium citrinum and related species have been examined using a combination of partial β-tubulin, calmodulin and ITS sequence data, extrolite patterns and phenotypic characters. It is concluded that seven species belong to the series Citrina. Penicillium sizovae and Penicillium steckii are related to P. citrinum, P. gorlenkoanum is revived, Penicillium hetheringtonii sp. nov. and Penicillium tropicoides sp. nov. are described here as new species, and the combination Penicillium tropicum is proposed. Penicillium hetheringtonii is closely related to P. citrinum and differs in having slightly broader stipes, metulae in verticils of four or more and the production of an uncharacterized metabolite, tentatively named PR1-x. Penicillium tropicoides resembles P. tropicum, but differs in the slow maturation of the cleistothecia, slower growth at 30°C and the production of isochromantoxins. The type strain of P. hetheringtonii is CBS 122392 T (=IBT 29057 T ) and the type strain of P. tropicoides is CBS 122410 T (=IBT 29043 T ). 1 P.citrinum CBS 252.55 P.citrinum CBS 122452 P.citrinum CBS 122726 P.citrinum CBS 122396 P.citrinum CBS 122396 P.citrinum CBS 122396 P.citrinum CBS 122419 P.citrinum CBS 122451 P.citrinum CBS 122398 P.citrinum CBS 865.97 P.citrinum CBS 139.45 T P.citrinum CBS 101275 P.citrinum CBS 122395 P.citrinum CBS 122394 P.citrinum CBS 122397 P.citrinum CBS 115992 P.citrinum CBS 241.85 P.citrinum CBS 117.64 P.hetheringtonii CBS 122392 T P.hetheringtonii CBS 124287 P.hetheringtonii DTO 30H7 P. tropicum CBS 112584 T P. tropicoides CBS 122410 T P. tropicoides CBS 122436 P.sizovae CBS 115968 P.sizovae CBS 122387 P.sizovae CBS 413.69 NT P.sizovae CBS 139.65 P.sizovae CBS 117184 P.steckii NRRL 35625 EF200085 P.steckii CBS 789.70 P.steckii CBS 325.59, T of P.corylophiloides P.steckii CBS 122391 P.steckii DTO 49G1 P.steckii CBS 122390 P.steckii CBS 260.55 T P.steckii CBS 122389 P.steckii CBS 122388 P.sumatrense CBS 281.36 T P.sumatrense CBS 416.69 P.gorlenkoanum CBS 411.69 P.gorlenkoanum CBS 408.69 T P.manginii CBS 253.31 T P.decaturense CBS 117509 T P.chrzaszcii CBS 217.28 T P.waksmanii CBS 230.28 T P.westlingii CBS 231.28 T P.miczynskii CBS 220.28 T P.paxilli CBS 360.48 T P.anatolicum CBS 478.66 T P.roseopurpureum CBS 266.29 T P.shearii CBS 290.48 T P.corylophilum CBS 330.79 81 100 73 98 82 93 99
Seven new species of Penicillium and a new variety of Penicillium novae-caledoniae Smith
Mycopathologia, 1981
Seven new species of Penicillium Link ex Fries and a new variety of Penicillium novae-caledoniae Smith are described and illustrated. Four of them have been recovered from the air in Madrid, Spain, one from beech leaves litter in a beech forest near Nancy, France, two from sandy soils in Madrid, and one from an andosol in the Spanish Province of Navarra. They clearly differ from all species of the genus described so far and are, therefore, described and proposed as new taxa:
Taxonomy of Penicillium chrysogenum and related xerophilic species, based on isozyme analysis
Mycological Research, 1997
Eighty-four isolates of Penicillium chrysogenum and related species were examined by isozyme analysis. Four main groups could be defined by cluster analysis ; P. chrysogenum var. chrysogenum, P. flavigenum sp. nov., P. chrysogenum var. dipodomyis and P. nalgiovense. P. flavigenum is described as new species, and P. chrysogenum var. dipodomyis raised to species level as P. dipodomyis. The genetic distance between these groups was calculated by employing a formula that accounts for the differences in alleles and loci obtained by isozyme analysis of these fungi. The genetic distances and cluster analysis suggest that the groups should be considered as four separate species. The practical implication of the separation and the ecological characteristics of the four species are discussed.
A new species of Penicillium, P. ramulosum sp. nov., from the natural environment
Mycologia, 2009
During a recent survey of Penicillium spp. from fynbos soils in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, several undescribed species were isolated. Similar isolates of one of these species also were collected in the Western Cape from Protea infructescences. These strains were compared morphologically to known species of Penicillium but could not be identified with previously published keys. Morphologically these strains belong to subgenus Biverticillium. They are distinguished by strongly funiculose colonies covered by glutinous exudates and conidiophores with thin acerose phialides (8.5-10[-12] 3 2.0-2.5 mm) that give rise to chains of subspheroidal to ellipsoidal conidia (2.5-3.0 3 1.5-2.5 mm). Characteristically short (100-150[-250] mm) determinate synnemata are produced in culture after prolonged incubation with much longer synnemata produced in nature. Based on differences in morphology and molecular characters, the strains are described here as Penicillium ramulosum sp. nov.
Morphological and biochemical variation in single isolates of Penicillium
Variations in morphological and biochemical characteristics in single strains were investigated in ex-type isolates of Penicillium viridicatum, P. aurantiocandidum and P. crustosum. Singleconidium isolates gave rise to two stable colony types (W-type and R-type) in all three species. A further unstable colony type (a-type) was seen only in P. viridicatum.