Competition of some summer catch crops and volunteer cereals in the areas with limited precipitation (original) (raw)
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Biomass and Bioenergy, 2011
The biomass production dynamics of catch crops, volunteers and weeds in dependence on precipitation and air temperature, was studied in central Bohemia from 2004 to 2006. The cover of individual components of the growth was monitored during the same period. Also measured were energy and efficiency of utilization of global radiation by catch crops and volunteers. The catch crops included the following species: Brassica napus, Lolium multiflorum, Lolium perenne, Phacelia tanacetifolia, Sinapis alba, Trifolium incarnatum, Raphanus sativus var. oleiformis and Trifolium subterraneum. The highest biomass production and the highest cover of catch crops were observed in treatments with S. alba (1382.0 kg ha À1 , 47.8%). The average biomass production (sum of catch crops, volunteers and weeds) was highest in treatments with S. alba, R. sativus, and P. tanacetifolia and lowest in treatments with B. napus, L. multiflorum and L. perenne. It was demonstrated that an increase in the percentage share of volunteers caused a decrease in the biomass production of catch crops. The average energy production ranged from 0.31 to 2.37 MJ m À2 in treatments with catch crops, and from 0.25 to 0.89 MJ m À2 in treatments with cereal volunteers. The highest effectivity of global radiation utilization, was determined in treatments with S. alba (0.11e0.47%). Based on regression analysis the closest dependence between biomass production from all treatments on the experimental site and precipitation was observed from 1st May till the time of sowing and the average air temperatures from the sowing period till the time of the last biomass production assessment.
Yield and soil coverage of catch crops and their impact on the yield of spring barley
Plant Soil and Environment, 2017
In recent years, the Czech agriculture has been suffering from increasing soil degradation due to farming methods, such as non-compliance with crop rotation practice or insufficient supply of stable manure. In the coming years, this trend in agriculture can be expected to continue, as well as an increase in temperature associated with more intensive evaporation and greater fluctuations in precipitation. More often than before, there will be an increased risk of soil erosion and loss of organic matter in soil and problems with water shortages may occur. Drought will threaten a number of the most productive areas in the Czech Republic (Lobell and Field 2007, Žalud et al. 2009). Possible measures may include cultivation of catch crops. Catch crops enrich the soil with organic matter, reduce wind and water erosion, as well as nutrient leaching, and facilitate moisture retention in soil. Catch crops act as interrupters of cereal sequences in crop rotation. They suppress weeds and reduce the spread and incidence of diseases and pests (Murakami et al. 2000, Sparow 2015). Growth and development of catch crops can be suppressed particularly by low rainfall and its improper distribution (Arlauskienė and Maikštėnienė 2006, Constantin et al. 2015). The efficiency of catch crops depends on the choice of the species (Talgre et al. 2011). In drier areas, water use by catch crops may outweigh their positive effects. Saptoka et al. (2012) reported in their study that
Yields of Selected Catch Crops in Dry Conditions
Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 2016
Catch crops mainly reduce soil erosion and leaching of nutrients as well as enrich the soil organic matter. The aim of this research is to evaluate the yields of catch crops of Sinapis alba, Phacelia tanacetifolia, Fagopyrum esculentum, Carthamus tinctorius and Secale cereale v. multicaule, and thus determine the possible applicability of catch crops in areas with high average annual temperature and low precipitation totals. The small-plot field experiment was performed on clay-loam gleyic fluvisol at the Field Experimental Station in Žabčice, Southern Moravia, Czech Republic, within the period of 2006-2014. The catch crops were set up after winter wheat in mid-August. The results have shown a statistically significant difference among different catch crops in yield of dry matter and even among years. The yield of catch crops is mainly dependent on a sufficient supply of water in the soil and the appropriate amount and distribution of rainfall over the growing season. Sinapis alba a...
Field Crops Research, 2014
In a three-year field experiment carried out from 2006-2009 in the temperate climate of Central Europe, the growth and yield of four species of winter cereals, namely, barley, rye, wheat and triticale and their four mixtures (barley + rye and wheat + triticale; each mixture of two shares: 67% + 33% and 50% + 50%), were compared. Mixed sowings proved to be an effective agro-technological option for a sustainable agriculture in the region. Mixed sowings of winter cereals yielded approximately 0.94 Mg ha À1 more, as compared to pure sowings, especially in the cooler and wetter growing seasons. In each of the mixtures, height convergence occurred, specifically a shortening of the long-culmed cereal species and an increase in the length of the short-culmed species. It resulted in improved resistance of the canopy to lodging, and an increase in the production of feed grain, in comparison to cereals in the pure sowings. Such a system of interactions between cereals in mixtures resulted in a land equivalent ratio of >1. The length and productivity of the inflorescences and also the harvest index were mostly species-specific. A 50:50 share of species was more effective for the rye and barley mixture, whereas 67:33 was better for the mixture of wheat and triticale. In the mixture, rye showed increased competitiveness as compared to barley.
Behaviour of Some Winter Wheat Cultivars in Western Part of Romania
2008
The reaction of winter wheat cultivars in three highly different climatical years, especially regarding the temperature and rainfall, suggested the necessity of stability analyses of their yield. For cultivar recommendation in Crio Plain, we evaluated the cultivar ecological plasticity by ecological valences method (Wricke, 1965). The best yield stability had Alex, Flamura 85 and Arieoan cultivars. The highest yields have been achieved by Ardeal, Arieoan and Alex cultivars. They have a good yielding ability related to intermediate of Septoria resistance and pre-harvest sprouting resistance, too. The relationship between the analysed traits showed that the plant height, precocity, TKW and test weight are strongly controlled by genetical factors. The majority of relationships between the analysed traits are better described by quadratic regression than linear models.
Productivity of single-culm and multi-culm plants of winter wheat cultivars in field conditions
Euphytica, 1980
The productivity of 1-, 2-, and 3-culm plants of three winter wheat cultivars was studied under field conditions in three spatial arrangements. The treatments with 2- and 3-culm plants produced higher grain yield per unit area than the treatments with 1-culm plants. This was explained as the result of a higher interplant than intraplant competition. It seems that the interplant competition is lower with dwarf than with tall cultivars. The secondary culms may be as productive as the primary ones if there are only a few of them per plant and if they develop before the beginning of winter. If the tillering takes place mainly in spring, the differences in productivity between the primary and secondary culms are considerable. Under conditions of dry autumns and late planting not the tillering must be taken as the main factor which regulates the optimal number of spikes/m2, but the high planting rate.
Relative yield of wheat in coexistence with concurrent plants as indicator of competitiveness
Comunicata Scientiae
One of the factors that limit the yield of wheat is the weed competition, being the competitive potential of plants affected by their morphophysiological characteristics. The objective of this study was to determine the competitiveness of wheat when in coexistence with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and radish (Raphanus sativus) competitive plants or with wheat as simulator competition plant. There were realized four experiments in the greenhouse of the Agricultural Department of Environmental Sciences of the UFSM, Campus of Frederico Westphalen – RS, during July to September, 2012. The treatments were arranged in a replacement series, in the proportions of 100:00 (wheat monoculture), 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 100:00 (competitor plant monoculture) for wheat plants (cv. Fundacep Cristalino) and for Italian ryegrass, radish and wheat (cv. BRS Guamirim) as competitor plants. The wheat is more competitive than Italian ryegrass in initial coexistence, even in the smallest proportion...
2010
Yield and quality of winter wheat are topic of interest of many domestic and foreign investigations. Consequently ten regional winter wheat varieties were tested in small-scale trials in Kosovo during vegetation period of 2008/09 year. The trials were conducted at two most important agro-production locations. The following traits were tested: plant density (spikes number m -2 ), grain yield (kg ha -1 ), 1000 kernel weight (g), plant height (cm), test weight (kg hl -1 ) and protein content (%). Statistically significant differences for grain yield were found among cultivars within the locations and among locations.
Effect of organic and conventional farming systems on some physiological indicators of winter wheat
Romanian Agricultural Research, 2011
Leaf area index, biomass accumulation and yield are important traits affected by environmental factors. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two different farming systems (organic and conventional) on leaf area index, biomass and grain yield. Twenty-four wheat cultivars were planted during2008/2009 and 2009/2010 under rainfed conditions at National Agricultural Research and Development Institute Fundulea, Romania, on a cambic chernozem soil. Crop farming system and cultivars strongly influenced leaf area index (LAI) in this study. The highest leaf area index was reached in conventional farming system, while the lowest ones were recorded in organic farming system for all cultivars and experimental years. In organic farming system LAI ranged from 1.87 (Flamura 85, 2009 year) to 3.02 (Dor, 2009 year), reflecting less favorable conditions of water and nutrients supply. The organic farming system produced less biomass than the conventional farming system. A significant correlation between biomass and LAI in organic farming system was found, while in conventional farming the correlation of these traits was not significant. The correlations between total biomass and yield, averaged on experimental years, were very significantly positive (r = 0.65***in conventional system, 0.70*** in organic system), suggesting that a higher yield can be associated with a higher biomass accumulation in any crop management system.
2017
Investigating the productive potential of the variety "Select" under the action of three technological factors with different graduations it was proved the priority of the forerunner peas due to the nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The forerunner spring vetch is less ensured with nitrogen because a part of biological nitrogen is used by the oat plants. Yield increase, provided statistically by a significantly positive record, was obtained as a result of sowing on the recommended and admissible planting dates and constituted respectively 133.3 and 41.6 kg/ha. The limit difference was of 68.2 kg. At the same time, the yield level was higher on the recommended planting date reaching the following values: 5016.6 kg/ha at the seed density of 4 million germinating seeds per hectare, 5100.0 kg/ha at 5 million germinating seeds per hectare, and 5233.3 kg/ha at 6.0 million germinating seeds per hectare. The average yield of the variety "Select" sowed after the forerunner spring ...