Policing the Police: Astrocytes Modulate Microglial Activation: Figure 1 (original) (raw)
Related papers
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2021
Microglia are resident immune cells of the central nervous system that act as brain-specific macrophages and are also known to regulate the innate immune functions of astrocytes through secretory molecules. This communication plays an important role in brain functions and homeostasis as well as in neuropathologic disease. In this study, we aimed to elucidate whether astrocytes and microglia could crosstalk to induce microglial polarization and proliferation, which can be further regulated under a microenvironment mimicking that of brain stroke. Microglia in a mixed glial culture showed increased survival and proliferation and were altered to M2 microglia; CD11b−GFAP+ astrocytes resulted in an approximately tenfold increase in microglial cell proliferation after the reconstitution of astrocytes. Furthermore, GM-CSF stimulated microglial proliferation approximately tenfold and induced them to become CCR7+ M1 microglia, which have a phenotype that could be suppressed by anti-inflammato...
2021
Microglia are resident immune cells of the central nervous system such as brain-specific macrophages and also known to regulate the innate immune functions of astrocytes through secretory molecules. This conversation plays an important role in brain functions and homeostasis as well as in neuropathologic disease. In this study, we aimed to elucidate whether astrocytes and microglia can cross-talk to induce microglial polarization and proliferation, which can be further regulated under the brain stroke-mimic microenvironment. Microglia in mixed glial culture increased their survival and proliferation and altered to the M2 microglia, whose role was provided by CD11b-GFAP+ astrocytes by showing approximately tenfold increase in microglia cell proliferation after the astrocyte reconstitution. Furthermore, GM-CSF stimulated microglial proliferation approximately tenfold and induced to CCR7+ M1 microglia, whose phenotype could be suppressed by anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-...
The Role of Microglia in the Healthy Brain
Journal of Neuroscience, 2011
Microglia were recently shown to play unexpected roles in normal brain development and adult physiology. This has begun to dramatically change our view of these resident "immune" cells. Here, we briefly review topics covered in our 2011 Society for Neuroscience minisymposium "The Role of Microglia in the Healthy Brain." This summary is not meant to be a comprehensive review of microglia physiology, but rather to share new results and stimulate further research into the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which microglia influence postnatal development, adult neuronal plasticity, and circuit function.
Crosstalk Between Astrocytes and Microglia: An Overview
Frontiers in Immunology, 2020
Based on discoveries enabled by new technologies and analysis using novel computational tools, neuroscience can be re-conceived in terms of information exchange in dense networks of intercellular connections rather than in the context of individual populations, such as glia or neurons. Cross-talk between neurons and microglia or astrocytes has been addressed, however, the manner in which non-neuronal cells communicate and interact remains less well-understood. We review this intriguing crosstalk among CNS cells, focusing on astrocytes and microglia and how it contributes to brain development and neurodegenerative diseases. The goal of studying these intercellular communications is to promote our ability to combat incurable neurological disorders.
Role of astrocytes in major neurological disorders: The evidence and implications
IUBMB Life, 2013
Given the huge amount and great complexity of astrocyte functions in the maintenance of brain homeostasis, it is easily understood how alterations in their physiology may be involved in the pathogenesis of many, if not all, neurological disorders. This assumption is strongly supported by accumulated evidence produced in humans and in experimental models of pathology. Based on these considerations, it is reasonable to encourage studies aimed at improving the knowledge about the implicated mechanisms, and astroglial cells can be considered as the innovative target for new, and possibly more effective, drug therapies.
Microglia--performers of the 21st century
Romanian journal of morphology and embryology = Revue roumaine de morphologie et embryologie, 2014
At the frontier between immunology and neuroscience, microglia, the enigmatic macrophages of the brain, have generated, in recent years, increasing interest. In response to even minor pathological changes in the brain, these extremely versatile glial cells occasionally enter in an over-activating state and produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and free radicals, thereby contributing directly to neuroinflammation and various brain disorders. This review provides an analysis of the latest developments in the microglia field, considering the important new research that illustrate their involvement in brain related diseases.