Economic valuation of erosion (original) (raw)
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Towards the economic valuation of the intangible effects of soil erosion
The development of policies for the sustainable use and management of soil in the arid and semiarid regions is closely connected to the economic evaluation of soil erosion. The existing high erosion rate occurs in part because of a market failure problem. The social cost of soil erosion not only is due to the reduction of agricultural production, but also to many off-site negative effects caused by the soil erosion process, as, for instance, siltation and eutrophication of waterways and reservoirs. Despite they are an integral part of the economic impacts of land degradation, they are not reflected in the prices of agricultural goods, nor in farmer proceedings. Nowadays, without any monetary estimates of these costs, also they are often given too little weight in public administrator decision making. By incorporating the off-site costs of soil erosion in the costs of land degradation it would be possible a better design of appropriate policies for the compensation of the environmental externalities. This study presents the results of the first part of an ongoing research aimed to evaluate the external effects of soil erosion through the choice experiment method.
2013
Economic damage due to soil erosion has been assessed for a scenario representing the agricultural practice followed on a typical smallholder farm adjacent to ravines. Using on-farm trial data from a research farm in the Mahi ravines, yield-erosion relationship has been estimated and erosion damage function has been developed with local output and input prices realized by smallholder farmers. Pearl millet + pigeon pea being the most prominent cropping systems on smallholder farms in the Mahi ravines, has been taken for study. Farmers' existing erosive practice has been compared with a conservation practice, viz. ridge and furrow technique (RFT). According to the study, a decline in yield to the extent of 50 per cent and 75 per cent will take much longer period in the case of conservative practice than in erosive practice. The paper has also studied farmer's decision on switching over to conservation practice from the existing erosive practice. The analysis has revealed the switching over decision year to be insensitive to discount rate, and little sensitive to output price, suggesting thereby that these policy variables would have little effect. The paper has suggested that favourable input-output price scenario and initial support of the state would help in incentivizing the farmers to switching over to conservative practice.
Analysis of Farmers Benefits from Land Use in Erosion Areas of Ulza Watershed
Universal Journal of Agricultural Research, 2023
The administration of watershed regions serves not only to safeguard land and water resources but also to holistically oversee these natural assets, ultimately enhancing the well-being of local communities through social and economic progress. Demonstrably, sustainable watershed management has positively impacted people's lives by diminishing erosion, ensuring access to clean water, and enhancing agricultural practices, all while upholding ecological stability. Achieving effective watershed management necessitates a diverse range of expertise to harmonize various elements, such as soil and water conservation, forestry, agriculture, and livestock management, all while striking a harmonious equilibrium between environmental resources and the communities residing in these areas. One of the most important watersheds in Albania is the watershed of Ulza, which covers about 122,435 hectares of surface and is home to Ulza Lake and one of the most important hydropower plants in Albania. Although this area has been under the focus of researchers analysing the levels of erosion, the hydric activity, quality of water, etc., no economic studies have been performed, in terms of the agricultural and farming activity, use of land resources from the people living in the erosion hot spot areas. Hence, the primary goal of this study is to ascertain the land utilization patterns and calculate the net gains experienced by farmers in the erosion-prone zones of the Ulza watershed. Such information would serve for future analysis on the potential application of Payments for Ecosystem Environmental Services, which has proven to be a beneficial instrument for the management of watershed areas in other countries.
Valuation and assessment of soil erosion costs
Scientia Agricola, 2013
Soil is an essential natural resource for humans and an important part of the environment. However, soil is often used and managed inappropriately, causing its erosion and degradation, with concomitantly negative social, political and economic impacts. This study aimed to discuss sustainable development; and losses and problems caused by soil erosion, and to suggest a model for assessing erosion costs. The relevance of economic models for costing soil erosion is stressed. Based on an economic theory, it presents a procedure for assessing economic costs of soil erosion, centered on the on-site and off-site costs that are generated. The physical processes of soil erosion are described and their economic effects reviewed, drawing on theoretical and empirical sources. Limited data and information is available on the economic losses resulting from erosion, which hampers assessment and valuation.
Prediction of Erosion Rate at Several Land Units in Upper Watershed of Batang Mangau, West Sumatera
International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 2013
Assessment of erosion in a watershed is very important for the purpose of determining whether a watershed has been degraded and damaged or not, so it is useful for the planning of the future for the watershed areas so as to achieve sustainable land use and environmentally friendly.Study of erosion prediction and mapping erosion hazard rate (TBE), and determine the rate of erosion that can be tolerated in a variety of land units, and determining alternative land use followed by the appropriate conservation measures in order to suppress erosion as small as possible or equal to Etol (tolerable erosion) has conducted research on upstream Mangau Padang Pariaman and Agam districts. The study lasted in September 2011 until January 2012. The experiment was conducted using the survey method. Secondary data obtained from statistical data, maps and the results of previous researches. The results showed that the greatest erosion occurs in people's gardens land units with steep slopes (KrF), with a percentage of 62% slope and slope length of 45 m. While the smallest erosion occurs in wetland units with a gentle slope (SWB), the percentage of 7% slope and slope length of 28 m. Land units experiencing mild erosion rate is 37.80%, of the total study area. Then the land units suffered heavy erosion rate is as much as 20.81%, and further land experiencing very severe erosion hazard level is sebayak 37.86% of the total study area. Actual erosion rate greater than can be tolerated erosion found 4 unit of land is the garden of the people with a rather steep slope (KrD), mixed garden with a rather steep slope (KcD), and their fields with steep slopes (KrF). Furthermore, there are 8 land unit value erosion rate is less than the erosion rates that can be tolerated so that the use of the land does not need changing. Alternative use of land for every land units that have greater erosion speed of the tolerable erosion is the land units of protected forest with steep slopes (HlF), the secondary forest with steep slopes (HsF). Whereas, the land unit of rice paddy soil with relatively steep slopes (SwD), rice paddy soil with gentle slopes (SwB), scrub with relatively steep slopes (SmD), scrub with steep slopes (SmF) and farm people with mild slopes (KrB) fixed defended. Furthermore, the alternative use of the land for the unit of farm people with steep slopes (KrF) and farm people with relatively steep slopes (KrD) and a mixture of garden soil units with relatively steep slopes (KcD) is recommended for improved by adding high density mixed garden and make bench terrrace with good construction and land cover tightly coupled.
The study aimed to assess the rate of erosion that occurred in Manjunto Watershed and financial loss using Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing. Model used to determine the erosion is E30 models. The basis for the development of this model is to integrate with the slope of the slope between (NDVI). The value of NDVI was obtained from satellite imagery. Slope factor obtained through the (DEM) processing. To determine the amount of economic losses caused by erosion used the shadow prices. The amount of nutrients lost was converted to fertilizer price. The results showed that the eroded catchment area had increased significantly. The rate of average annual erosion in the watershed Manjunto in 2000 was amounted to 3 Mg ha -1 yr -1 . The average of annual erosion rate in the watershed Manjunto increased 27 Mg ha -1 yr -1 in the year 2009. Economic losses due to erosion in 2009 was Rp200,000,-for one hectare. Total losses due to erosion for the total watershed area was Rp15,918,213,133, -. The main factor causing the high rate of erosion was high rainfall, slope and how to grow crops that did not pay attention to the rules of conservation.
MATEC Web of Conferences, 2018
One of the hazards of the erosion is soil infiltration capacity is decreased in the place of occurrence of erosion and increasing the volume of surface flow. It will also lead to the occurrence of the superficiality of the river due to the deposition of materials of soil erosion. These hazards need alternative agrotechnology which could reduce the rate of soil erosion. This research is to know the hazard of soil erosion in the upper watershed of the Aie Limau Kambiang and find out the alternative agrotechnology for reducing the soil erosion. This research was conducted. Soil samples collected was taken in purposive random sampling based on a unit of land. The data were analyzed using the universal soil loss equation. The research results of the largest erosion threat come from the land use of traditional gardens and plant density is low. The highest erosion 151,012.00 ton/ha/year was founded on the plantation blended that have a steep slope over 35% LS value of 9.5. The better of ag...
Assessment of erosion potential
Degraded lands in Subang regency have been increasing within this decade. Land inventory conducted by the government shows that degraded areas expanded from 7785 ha in 2011 up to 9581 ha in a year. Improvements of this type of land, primarily due to erosion, are necessity in order to support intensive agriculture. This research aims to study erosion in various cropping pattern based on land units in four districts of Subang Region, West Java, which is important for conservation planning. The research indicates that there are 19 land units formed by combining land capability classes and land use types. The result shows that erosion in the test site varies from 0.30 to 133.19 ton ha-1y-1. Actual erosion from USLE is found higher than tolerable soil loss, meaning that conservation is urgent to maintain land productivity.
Rate and cost of soil erosion in Monkayo, Compostela Valley Province Philippines
University of Mindanao International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 2016
Soil erosion is a major agricultural and environmental problem in the Philippines that is primarily caused by rainfall under upland, subsistence rainfed farming. The study sought to compare the degree of erosion as influenced by different upland tillage systems using soil erosion plots and MUSLE model, and estimate the cost of soil erosion in Monkayo, Compostela Valley. The erosion plots were laid on a 31.45 percent slope with a seasonal rainfall intensity of 2,314 mm. Corn (Zea mays L.) planted through conventional tillage generated a mean soil loss of 2.64 t/ha/cropping, which is higher than the reduced tillage with a mean of 1.20 t/ha/cropping. The weighted on-site soil loss was 12 percent lower than the obtained soil erosion using the modified Universal Soil Loss Equation that is 2.97 t/ha. The study developed equations to estimate soil loss (t/ha) per seasonal rainfall on three tillage systems using linear regression analysis which are: (1) E= -0.0031+0.0003R, (2) E= -0.0406+0....
Agricultural Research, 2013
Estimated annual production losses from rainfed cereal, oilseed and pulse crops at state, zonal and national levels do not provide a comparative picture of the severity of losses in different areas and crops leading to decline in production on per-unit area basis. In this paper, productivity or per-unit area production losses have been estimated for the considered rainfed crops to identify the states/regions in the country where intensive conservation measures need to be adopted to bring erosion within permissible limits and to restore the productivity of these crops to their potential capacity. Further, productivity losses were valued at government minimum support prices of the study crops to compute the monetary losses in the major cereal, oilseed and pulse crops in the country. It was observed that productivity loss in rainfed cereals at state level ranges from 0.2-10.9 q/ha, for oilseeds 0.1-6.3 q/ha and for pulses 0.04-4.4 q/ha. These losses in the states having relatively smaller areas under these crops and are low ranked in terms of total production loss, such as northeastern states, Goa, Kerala and Uttarakhand, are 2-5 times higher than the national average and are placed in top 8-10 ranks of affected states, thus justifying the need to estimate productivity losses rather than the production losses. The northeastern states, though account for only 4 % of rainfed area under considered crops, are the leading states in terms of productivity losses. India as a whole suffers a loss of 1.63 q/ha in productivity of rainfed crops, which is valued at Rs. 2,484/ha. In absolute terms, the annual production losses are 13.4 Mt valued at Rs. 205.32 billion considering minimum support price of 2011/12. About 53 % of total monetary loss is accounted for by paddy, groundnut, soybean and maize crops due to water erosion.