Vigorous Shaking Enhances Voltage and Power Generation in Polar Liquids due to Domain Formation as Predicted by QED (original) (raw)
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Approved bw Ravindra P. Joshi (Member) Moimir Laroussi (Member) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
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We outline molecular dynamics simulations of electrode−ionic liquid interfaces with explicit consideration of electronic polarization effects. For this, conventional molecular mechanics are extended by the charge equilibrium approach, leading to moderate computational demand that still allows 10 ns scale dynamics studies of 10 nm scale models of atomic detail. The importance of local charge fluctuations is illustrated by comparing our models with the simplified picture of identical atom charges at the electrode surfaces. Already at idealized flat (110) and (111) platinum surfaces, we find that the migration of anions and cations induces local charge fluctuations on the electrode within a range of −0.2 to +0.2e, respectively. Heterogeneous charge distribution becomes even more critical when investigating rough surfaces. By the example of (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium), acetate, and hexafluorophosphate, we show selective ion association from the ionic liquid phase to the surface steps of platinum electrodes as a function of the applied voltage.
Recent advances in liquid mixtures in electric fields
Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal, 2017
When immiscible liquids are subject to electric fields interfacial forces arise due to a difference in the permittivity or the conductance of the liquids, and these forces lead to shape change in droplets or to interfacial instabilities. In this topical review we discuss recent advances in the theory and experiments of liquids in electric fields with an emphasis on liquids which are initially miscible and demix under the influence of an external field. In purely dielectric liquids demixing occurs if the electrode geometry leads to sufficiently large field gradients. In polar liquids field gradients are prevalent due to screening by dissociated ions irrespective of the electrode geometry. We examine the conditions for these 'electro prewetting' transitions and highlight few possible systems where they might be important, such as in stabilization of colloids and in gating of pores in membranes.
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The objective of this work was to study the influence of small variations in the chemical structure on the molecular dynamics of liquids using as models bis(cyclohexylmethyl) 2-methyl-and dicyclohexyl 2-methylsuccinate. The dielectric behavior of the low molecular weight liquids was studied over a wide range of frequencies and temperatures. The results show that the temperature dependence of the dielectric strengths, relaxation times, and shape parameters of the secondary and glassÀliquid relaxations are very sensitive to the slight differences in the structures of the liquids. Significant changes take place in the dielectric strength of the β relaxation in the glass liquid transition. Moreover, the temperature dependence of the β relaxation exhibits Arrhenius behavior in the glassy state and departs from this behavior in the liquid state. Special attention is paid to the temperature dependence of low-frequency relaxations produced by the motion of a macrodipole arising from charges located near the liquidÀelectrode boundaries.
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 1993
It is demonstrated that methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOHl, and propanol (PrOHI as solvents, give well defined and well reproducible anodic voltammetric waves at platinum microelectrodes of radius 5-13 pm. A certain level of supporting electrolyte (LiClO,) is necessary to reach the plateau of the anodic wave in the available instrumental potential window. The dependence of the wave height vs. p (p =(nFvr2/DRT)'/*) follows that predicted by the theory for processes with diffusional transport. For mixtures of methanol and ethanol the height of the total wave depends strongly on the percentage of the components, and this dependence resembles a negative zeotrop plot. The total wave height of methanol fits the steady state equation, I = 4nFDrc, where D is the self-diffusion coefficient, c = 24.7 mol 1-l and n = 0.51. In ethanol, impurities such as methanol and water increase the total wave height and therefore it is possible to construct pseudo-waves of these compounds. The heights of the pseudo-waves were linear vs. concentration.