The Baltic States (original) (raw)

in 1990. 4 The Lithuanian émigré Vytautas Kavolis described intellectual culture as follows: "Intellectual cultures are traditions of unceasing concern with ideas of universal human significance. Intellectuals are individuals who participate intensely in these traditions. [...] A restricted mode of thought that does not transcend the limits of a particular field of specialization [...] does not belong to intellectual culture..." According to the scholar, the "intellectual … not only judges that which exists but also develops alternatives (political, scientific, or artistic) to that which in his surroundings is thought to be 'reality'." Kavolis, "On the Deformations of Intellectual Culture," 34-35. This definition of intellectual culture corresponds with conceptions of cultural opposition discussed earlier in this chapter. 5 Grinius, "Literature and the Arts in Captive Lithuania," 197-214. 6 Vardys, "The Role of Churches," 151-64. 7 Misiūnas and Taagepera, The Baltic States. 8 Kasekamp, A History of the Baltic States, X.